Android Q 適配及具體解決辦法

時間 2019-11-06

原文原文鏈接

對Android Q進行適配你們必定要參考Google官方文檔, 下面是我在作Android Q所作更改的地方:html

分區存儲

Android Q新加了沙盒模式, 每一個應用只能訪問本身過濾視圖下的文件夾, 即 sdcard/Android/data/packagenamejava

說明 : Android Q 會繼續使用 READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 和 WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 權限, 只有targetSdkVersion>=29, 纔會默認啓用過濾視圖, 而且此時無需申請權限, 便可讀寫沙盒文件, 須要將文件保存到相冊等, 依然須要申請permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE; 如需讀寫應用之外的文件須要經過存儲訪問框架android

解決方法:app

targetSdkVersion<29框架

選擇停用過濾視圖dom

<manifest ... >
      <!-- This attribute is "false" by default on apps targeting Android Q. -->
      <application android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true" ... >
        ...
      </application>
    </manifest>
    
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推薦方法, 將文件存儲到過濾視圖中, 此時也不須要申請權限, 可是應用卸載會把文件刪除ide

kotlin:post

//圖片文件
val file = context.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES)

//還有如下那麼多環境, 根據存儲文件類型選擇不一樣環境
var DIRECTORY_ALARMS = "Alarms"
var DIRECTORY_AUDIOBOOKS = "Audiobooks"
var DIRECTORY_DCIM = "DCIM"
var DIRECTORY_DOCUMENTS = "Documents"
var DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS = "Download"
var DIRECTORY_MOVIES = "Movies"
var DIRECTORY_MUSIC = "Music"
var DIRECTORY_NOTIFICATIONS = "Notifications"
var DIRECTORY_PICTURES = "Pictures"
var DIRECTORY_PODCASTS = "Podcasts"
var DIRECTORY_RINGTONES = "Ringtones"
var DIRECTORY_SCREENSHOTS = "Screenshots"
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java:ui

//圖片文件
File file = context.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES);

//還有如下那麼多環境, 根據存儲文件類型選擇不一樣環境
public static String DIRECTORY_ALARMS = "Alarms";
public static String DIRECTORY_AUDIOBOOKS = "Audiobooks";
public static String DIRECTORY_DCIM = "DCIM";
public static String DIRECTORY_DOCUMENTS = "Documents";
public static String DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS = "Download";
public static String DIRECTORY_MOVIES = "Movies";
public static String DIRECTORY_MUSIC = "Music";
public static String DIRECTORY_NOTIFICATIONS = "Notifications";
public static String DIRECTORY_PICTURES = "Pictures";
public static String DIRECTORY_PODCASTS = "Podcasts";
public static String DIRECTORY_RINGTONES = "Ringtones";
public static String DIRECTORY_SCREENSHOTS = "Screenshots";
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數據和標識符變動

說明: 從 Android Q 開始，應用必須具備 READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE 特許權限才能訪問設備的不可重置標識符（包含 IMEI 和序列號, 而且這個權限只有系統app纔可使用, 也就是說在Android Q上已經不能獲取DeviceId了this

替代方法:

Android Id:

kotlin:

val androidId = Settings.Secure.getString(
                context.contentResolver,
                Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID
            )
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java:

String androidId = Settings.Secure.getString(
                context.contentResolver,
                Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID
            );
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可是在實際應用中發現, 有Android Id獲取失敗的狀況, 因此就完善了上面的方法

kotlin:

var deviceId = Settings.Secure.getString(
                getAppContext().contentResolver,
                Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID
            )
  if (androidId.isNullOrEmpty()) {
     deviceId = getUniquePsuedoID()
  }

  fun getUniquePsuedoID(): String {
      val devIDShort =
            "35" + Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 + Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 + Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10

        // API >= 9 的設備纔有 android.os.Build.SERIAL
        // http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html#SERIAL
        // 若是用戶更新了系統或 root 了他們的設備，該 API 將會產生重複記錄
        var serial: String?
        try {
            serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString()
            return UUID(
                devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(),
                serial.hashCode().toLong()
            ).toString()
        } catch (exception: Exception) {
            serial = "serial"
        }
        // 最後，組合上述值並生成 UUID 做爲惟一 ID
        return UUID(devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial!!.hashCode().toLong()).toString()
  }
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java:

String deviceId = Settings.Secure.getString(
    context.contentResolver,
    Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID
            );
if(TextUtils.isEmpty(deviceId)) {
	deviceId = getUniquePsuedoID()
}

public String getUniquePsuedoID() {
    String devIDShort =
        "35" + Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 + Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 + Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10;

    // API >= 9 的設備纔有 android.os.Build.SERIAL
    // http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html#SERIAL
    // 若是用戶更新了系統或 root 了他們的設備，該 API 將會產生重複記錄
    String serial;
    try {
        serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString()
            return UUID(
            devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(),
            serial.hashCode().toLong()
        ).toString();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        serial = "serial";
    }
    // 最後，組合上述值並生成 UUID 做爲惟一 ID
    return UUID((long)devIDShort.hashCode(), (long)serial.hashCode()).toString();
}
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限制Activity後臺啓動

說明: 此項行爲變動適用於在 Android Q 上運行的全部應用，甚至包括以 Android 9（API 級別 28）或更低版本爲目標平臺的應用。此外，即便您的應用以 Android 9 或更低版本爲目標平臺而且最初安裝在運行 Android 9 或更低版本的設備上，該行爲變動仍會在設備升級到 Android Q 後生效。

解決方法:

發送全屏通知會自動啓動Activity

kotlin:

fun sendNotification( title: String?, body: String?, data: PushMessageNode?, bitmap: Bitmap? ) {
        val intent = Intent(this, PushJumpActivity::class.java)
        intent.putExtra(WhatConstants.Intent.FIRE_PUSH_MESSAGE, data)
        intent.flags = Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK or Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP
        val pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(
            this, requestCode, intent,
            PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
        )

        val notificationManager =
            this.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager?

        if (notificationManager != null) {
            val notificationBuilder = NotificationCompat.Builder(this, NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
                val mNotificationChannel =
                    NotificationChannel(
                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID,
                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NAME,
                        NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH
                    )

                notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(mNotificationChannel)
            }

            notificationBuilder
                .setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.logo)
                .setLargeIcon(
                    bitmap ?: BitmapFactory.decodeResource(
                        context,
                        R.mipmap.logo
                    )
                )
                .setContentTitle(title)
                .setContentText(body)
                .setShowWhen(true)
                .setAutoCancel(true)
                .setSound(RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION))
            	//設置爲全屏通知, 此時若App處於前臺, 會爲懸掛通知, 不管前臺後臺, 都會自動啓動Acitivity
            	.setFullScreenIntent(pendingIntent, true)
                .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)

            notificationManager.notify(
                requestCode /* ID of notification */,
                notificationBuilder.build()
            )

            bitmap?.recycle()
        }
    }
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java:

private void sendNotification(String title, String body, PushMessageNode data, Bitmap bitmap) {
        Intent intent = new Intent(this, PushJumpActivity.class);
        intent.putExtra(WhatConstants.Intent.INSTANCE.getFIRE_PUSH_MESSAGE(), data);
        intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
        int requestCode = (int) (Math.random() * 1000) + 1;
        PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, requestCode /* Request code */, intent,
                PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

        Uri defaultSoundUri = RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
        NotificationManager notificationManager = null;
        notificationManager = (NotificationManager) this.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
        Notification.Builder notificationBuilder;
        if (notificationManager != null) {
            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 26) {
                NotificationChannel mNotificationChannel = new NotificationChannel("1", "Channel1", NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH);
                notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(mNotificationChannel);
                notificationBuilder = new Notification.Builder(this, "1");
            } else {
                notificationBuilder = new Notification.Builder(this);
            }

            notificationBuilder = notificationBuilder
                    .setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.logo)
                    .setLargeIcon(bitmap != null ? bitmap : BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), R.mipmap.logo))
                    .setContentTitle(title)
                    .setContentText(body)
                    .setShowWhen(true)
                    .setPriority(Notification.PRIORITY_HIGH)
                    .setAutoCancel(true)
                    .setSound(defaultSoundUri)
                	//設置爲全屏通知, 此時若App處於前臺, 會爲懸掛通知, 不管前臺後臺, 都會自動啓動Acitivity
                	.setFullScreenIntent(pendingIntent, true);
                    .setContentIntent(pendingIntent);
  

            notificationManager.notify(requestCode /* ID of notification */, notificationBuilder.build());

            if (bitmap != null)
                bitmap.recycle();
        }
    }
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獲取剪貼板數據

說明: 只有默認輸入法(IME)或者是目前處於焦點的應用, 才能訪問到剪貼板數據.

這也就是說應用已經不能在後臺監聽剪貼板數據了, 不過我對目前處於焦點的應用這句話不太瞭解 . 另外在適配過程當中, 遇到了一個問題, 在Acitivity onCreate直接獲取剪貼板數據是不能成功獲取的, 而在按鈕點擊的時候是能夠的:

class SimpleActivity: AppCompatActivity() {
    
	override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

     	//直接獲取剪切板數據
        getTextFromClip()
        //剪貼板有數據也return ""

        //點擊按鈕獲取剪切板數據
        view.setOnClickListener {
            getClipboardData()
            //返回剪貼板的正常數據
        }

    }
    
    private fun getTextFromClip(): String {
        val clipboardManager =
        context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
        if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
            return ""
        }
        val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
        if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
            return ""
        }
        val clipText = clipData.getItemAt(0)?.text ?: ""
        return clipText.toString()
    }
}
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後面又對目前處於焦點的應用思考了一下, 應該就是視圖加載到窗口上才能獲取焦點, 後面通過適配, 在view.post()以後獲取剪貼板數據,又參考了這篇文章[Android源碼解析]view.post()到底幹了啥, 瞭解到view.post()是在view dispatchAttachedToWindow後執行的, 而後寫出方法以下:

kotlin:

/** * 獲取剪貼板的內容 */
    fun getClipBoardText(@Nullable activity: Activity?, f: (String) -> Unit) {
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q && activity != null) {
            getTextFromClipFromAndroidQ(activity, f)
        } else {
            f.invoke(getTextFromClip())
        }
    }

    /** * AndroidQ 獲取剪貼板的內容 */
    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
    private fun getTextFromClipFromAndroidQ(@NonNull activity: Activity, f: (String) -> Unit) {
        activity.window?.decorView?.post {
            try {
                val clipboardManager =
                    activity.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
                if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
                    f.invoke("")
                    return@post
                }
                val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
                if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
                    f.invoke("")
                    return@post
                }
                val clipText = clipData.getItemAt(0)?.text ?: ""
                f.invoke(clipText.toString())
                return@post
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                f.invoke("")
                return@post
            }
        } ?: f.invoke("")
    }

    private fun getTextFromClip(): String {
        try {
			//可使用Application的Context
            val clipboardManager =
                context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
            if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
                return ""
            }
            val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
            if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
                return ""
            }
            val item = clipData.getItemAt(0) ?: return ""
            val clipText = item.text ?: ""
            return if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText)) "" else clipText.toString()
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            return ""
        }
    }
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java:

public interface Function {
        /** Invokes the function. */
        void invoke(String text);
    }

    void getClipBoardText(@Nullable Activity activity, final Function f) {
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q && activity != null) {
            getTextFromClipFromAndroidQ(activity, f);
        } else {
            f.invoke(getTextFromClip());
        }
    }
    
   /** * AndroidQ 獲取剪貼板的內容 */
    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
    private void getTextFromClipFromAndroidQ(@NonNull final Activity activity, final Function f) {
        activity.getWindow().getDecorView().post(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                ClipboardManager clipboardManager =
                    (ClipboardManager)activity.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE);
                if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
                    return "";
                }
                ClipData clipData = clipboardManager.getPrimaryClip();
                if (null == clipData || clipData.getItemCount() < 1) {
                    return "";
                }
                ClipData.Item item = clipData.getItemAt(0);
                if (item == null)
                    return "";
                CharSequence clipText = item.getText();
                if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText))
                    return "";
                else
                    return clipText.toString();
                }
        });
    }

    private String getTextFromClip() {
            ClipboardManager clipboardManager =
                    (ClipboardManager)context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE);
            if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
                return "";
            }
            ClipData clipData = clipboardManager.getPrimaryClip();
            if (null == clipData || clipData.getItemCount() < 1) {
                return "";
            }
            ClipData.Item item = clipData.getItemAt(0);
            if (item == null)
                return "";
            CharSequence clipText = item.getText();
            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText))
                return "";
            else
                return clipText.toString();

    }

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後臺應用獲取用戶位置權限

說明: AndroidQAndroid Q 引入了新的位置權限 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION, 須要申請新權限才能後臺訪問位置, 前臺獲取位置權限與之前保持一致, 由於適配無需後臺獲取用戶位置, 因此沒有寫, 能夠參考Android Q 隱私權變動：用戶可控制應用對設備位置信息的訪問權限

解決辦法:

<manifest>
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
     //新增後臺請求位置權限
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION" />
    </manifest>
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