python基礎(28):isinstance、issubclass、type、反射

1. isinstance和issubclass

1.1 isinstance

isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是不是類 cls 的對象python

class Foo(object):
  pass
  
obj = Foo()
  
isinstance(obj, Foo)

實例:函數

class Base(object):
  pass

class Foo(Base):
  pass

obj1 = Foo()
print(isinstance(obj1,Foo))  # 檢查第一個參數(對象)是不是第二個參數(類及父類)的實例。
print(isinstance(obj1,Base)) # 檢查第一個參數(對象)是不是第二個參數(類及父類)的實例。


obj2 = Base()
print(isinstance(obj2,Foo))  # 檢查第一個參數(對象)是不是第二個參數(類及父類)的實例。
print(isinstance(obj2,Base)) # 檢查第一個參數(對象)是不是第二個參數(類及父類)的實例。

1.2 issubclass

issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是不是 super 類的派生類 ui

class Foo(object):
  pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
  pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)

實例:this

class Base(object):
  pass

class Foo(Base):
  pass

class Bar(Foo):
  pass

print(issubclass(Bar,Base)) # 檢查第一個參數是不是第二個參數的 子子孫孫類

2. type

獲取當前對象是由哪一個類建立。spa

class Foo(object):
    pass

obj = Foo()

print(obj,type(obj)) # 獲取當前對象是由那個類建立。
if type(obj) == Foo:
    print('obj是Foo類型')

實例:設計

class Foo(object):
    pass

class Bar(object):
    pass

def func(*args):
    foo_counter =0
    bar_counter =0
    for item in args:
        if type(item) == Foo:
            foo_counter += 1
        elif type(item) == Bar:
            bar_counter += 1
    return foo_counter,bar_counter

# result = func(Foo(),Bar(),Foo())
# print(result)

v1,v2 = func(Foo(),Bar(),Foo())
print(v1,v2)

3. 反射

3.1 什麼是反射

反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的,主要是指程序能夠訪問、檢測和修改它自己狀態或行爲的一種能力(自省)。這一律唸的提出很快引起了計算機科學領域關於應用反射性的研究。它首先被程序語言的設計領域所採用,並在Lisp和麪向對象方面取得了成績。 rest

3.2 python中的反射

python面向對象中的反射:經過字符串的形式操做對象相關的屬性。python中的一切事物都是對象(均可以使用反射)。code

四個能夠實現自省的函數:對象

hasattr:blog

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

getattr:

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

setattr:

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

delattr:

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass

四個方法的使用例子:

class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)

這四個方法適用於類和對象(一切皆對象,類自己也是一個對象)

類也是對象:

class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')

反射當前模塊成員:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import sys


def s1():
    print 's1'


def s2():
    print 's2'


this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')

導入其餘模塊,利用反射查找該模塊是否存在某個方法。

module_test.py:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

def test():
    print('from the test')

index.py:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
"""
程序目錄:
    module_test.py
    index.py
"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()
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