源碼角度講解Android消息處理機制(Handler、Looper、MessageQueue與Message)

1.前言

上篇文章介紹了幾種hanlder建立方式,其實這種使用方式你們都知道,可是爲何能夠這麼作,可能不少人不知道,至少不清楚,網上不少文章也是處處粘貼,聽別說handler把Message發送到MessageQueue裏面去,Looper經過死循環,不斷從MessageQueue裏面獲取Message處理消息,由於Mesage.target就是當前hanlder,因此最後轉到handleMessage()方法中去處理,整個流程是這樣。其實大概都是對的,以前面試的時候,我也都是這麼說,也沒有面試官深刻問過,此次正好有時間深刻源碼系統學習下,畢竟仍是要知其因此然。android

2.使用方法

package com.example.test.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    private Handler handler1 = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.arg1 == 1) {
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "hanlder1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
            super.handleMessage(msg);
        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Message message = handler1.obtainMessage();
                message.arg1 = 1;
                handler1.sendMessage(message);
            }
        }).start();
    }
}
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這種用法是你們最經常使用的,下面咱們就用這個來做爲切入點。面試

3.源碼講解

1)Looper,MessageQueue建立 應用啓動的時候會先調用ActivityThread的main方法,main方法會調用Looper.prepareMainLooper();建立Looper對象,Looper對象的構造方法中會建立MessageQueue對象,源碼以下所示:bash

public static void main(String[] args) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

        Environment.initForCurrentUser();

        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

        AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();

        // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
        final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
        TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }
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在第23行能夠看到Looper.prepareMainLooper();方法,此方法其實就是UI線程默認爲應用建立Looper對象,咱們繼續看下prepareMainLooper()方法的源碼:app

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }
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這裏經過調用調用prepare()方法,建立了Looper對象,並且sThreadLocal若是沒有Looper,則新建Looper進去,若是存在,則拋出異常,並且從判空能夠看出一個線程最多隻能建立一個Looper對象,驗證了不少人說的一個線程一個Looper對象的說法。 上面提到在Looper的構造方法中,會建立MessageQueue對象,咱們看一下Looper構造方法:less

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }
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沒有錯,Looper建立的同時會建立MessageQueue,因此不少人說一個Looper對應一個MessageQueue就是從這裏來的。Looper跟MessageQueue都建立好了,接下來看如何發送Message消息。async

2)handler.sendMessage(message)發送消息到什麼地方,內部怎麼處理 要想知道發送到哪裏,怎麼處理,只有一條路,跟到源碼中去看:ide

public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }
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public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }
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public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }
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前面兩個方法就不看了,直接看sendMessageAtTime()方法,sendMessageAtTime()方法中傳入兩個參數,msg就是咱們handler.sendMessage(message)發送的Message對象,而uptimeMillis參數則表示發送消息的時間,它的值等於自系統開機到當前時間的毫秒數再加上延遲時間,若是你調用的不是sendMessageDelayed()方法,則延遲時間就爲0。方法最後調用了enqueueMessage()。函數

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }
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上面方法中,會調用queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis),queue其實就是Looper構造函數中初始化的MessageQueue對象,能夠看到,handler把消息發送到MessageQueue中了。oop

3)MessageQueue對象 接下來咱們看queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);的源碼:post

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue. needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next prev.next = msg; } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; } 複製代碼

這段代碼有點意思,其實就是入隊操做,以前一直覺得MessageQueue裏面有個列表,Message依次保存在裏面,其實並非。MessageQueue藉助Message對象(next)成員變量,實現單向鏈表,而且用一個mMessages對象表示當前待處理的消息。 咱們來分析一下上面代碼,第二十行,首先Message p = mMessages;把當前待處理的message賦值給p,接下來是一個很長的判斷if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when),根據判斷能夠得知,有如下兩種狀況會執行if裏面的語句:1.應用首次調用sendMessage時,當前待處理的消息爲null,則p爲空,則會執行;2.當前傳入msg的when小於當前待處理msg的when,及當前傳入的消息要先於當前待處理mMessages獲得處理,因此傳入的msg賦值爲mMessages,而下一個待處理消息才爲原先的待處理消息。

if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } 
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當執行過多個sendMessage方法時而且消息的時間(when)比當前待處理的消息的時間(when)大,這個時候就會移動鏈表,根據時間前後,插入到合適的位置,調用以下代碼:

Message prev;
    for (;;) {
    prev = p;
    p = p.next;
    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
    break;
    }
    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
    needWake = false;
    }
    }
    msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
    prev.next = msg;
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不停的循環,根據when,及發送時間來前後排序,先發送的排在最前面,用message.next來指定下一個Message對象,這樣MessageQueue經過時間把多個Message組成一個單向鏈表。

4)Looper對象,取當前待處理Message。 有進就有出,如何從MessageQueue中獲取當前Message進行處理呢,這就要看Looper.loop()方法了。這裏能夠明白爲何子線程中初始化Handler最後爲何要顯示調用Looper.loop()方法了吧,其實至關於啓動獲取Message方法的循環,主線程中會默認調用。

public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycleUnchecked(); } } 複製代碼

能夠看到,第13行依然是一個死循環,不斷執行的queue.next()方法,next()方法其實就是作消息出隊列操做。獲取當前待處理的mMessages對象,而後讓下一條消息成爲mMessages,其實跟鏈表操做同樣,沒有難度。loop()方法的第27行,Message獲取到後,則調用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)方法,msg是Message對象,target是什麼呢?看下Message源碼,target實際上是發送該Message的Handler對象。 調用Message message = handler1.obtainMessage();的時候,會進行賦值:

public static Message obtain(Handler h) {
        Message m = obtain();
        m.target = h;

        return m;
    }
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接下來固然就要看一看Handler中dispatchMessage()方法的源碼了,以下所示:

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }
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通常狀況下,按照咱們上面的調用方式,msg.callback,mCallback 都爲空,則會直接調用handleMessage(msg)方法,這樣終於轉到咱們的handleMessage方法中來了,在裏面去作更新UI的操做。固然有人會問,何時msg.callback,mCallback不爲空呢? msg.callback不爲空,其實只要看看源碼裏面,哪些方法能夠賦值就能夠了:

public static Message obtain(Handler h, Runnable callback) {
        Message m = obtain();
        m.target = h;
        m.callback = callback;

        return m;
    }
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下面是個人調用方法:

package com.example.test.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    private Handler handler1 = new Handler();

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Message message = Message.obtain(handler1, new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        System.out.println("handler2 Thread========="+Thread.currentThread().getName());
                    }
                });
                message.arg1 = 1;
                handler1.sendMessage(message);
            }
        }).start();
    }
}
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從打印信息能夠看到,run方法裏面其實也是主線程,這種方式其實不少,下面一一介紹。

4.其餘:

上面這個callback的調用方式你們有沒有很熟悉呢,其實有幾種是你們平時常用的:

1.Handler的post()方法 2.View的post()方法 3.Activity的runOnUiThread()方法 這些均可以在子線程中轉到主線程,從而去更新UI,至於爲何能夠呢,相信不少人不知道。 1)Handler的post()源碼

public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }
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萬變不離其宗,其實仍是調用sendMessageDelayed方法,並且Runnable還被封裝成了Message,後面入鏈表,出鏈表過程跟前面講的都同樣。

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }
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只是最後的時候,msg.callback != null,他會調用handleCallback(msg);

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }
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這樣,run方法被調用,是否是很簡單。

2)View的post()源碼 View類中,post方法:

public boolean post(Runnable action) {
        final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
        if (attachInfo != null) {
            return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
        }
        // Assume that post will succeed later
        ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
        return true;
    }
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居然仍是mHandler.post(action),原理同上了。

3)Activity的runOnUiThread()源碼

public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
        if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
            mHandler.post(action);
        } else {
            action.run();
        }
    }
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若是當前的線程不等於UI線程,仍然執行mHandler.post(action)方法,若是就在主線程,固然直接接口回調,調用run方法就能夠了。

5.總結:

因此無論何種子線程轉到主線程去刷新UI,背後原理其實都是同樣的,搞清楚了一個,都清楚了。但願看到這篇文章後,面試官再問子線程更新主線程的問題的時候,你能夠是下面的表情:

這裏寫圖片描述


若有錯誤歡迎指出來,一塊兒學習。

在這裏插入圖片描述
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