Swift 是什麼?程序員
Swift 是蘋果於 WWDC 2014 發佈的編程語言,這裏引用The Swift Programming Language的原話:express
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.編程
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.swift
Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.vim
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.數組
簡單的說:閉包
Swift 語言概覽app
基本概念框架
注:這一節的代碼源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。less
Hello, world
相似於腳本語言,下面的代碼便是一個完整的 Swift 程序。
println ("Hello, world")
變量與常量
Swift 使用var
聲明變量,let
聲明常量。
var myVariable = 42 myVariable = 50 let myConstant = 42
類型推導
Swift 支持類型推導(Type Inference),因此上面的代碼不需指定類型,若是須要指定類型:
let explicitDouble : Double = 70
Swift 不支持隱式類型轉換(Implicitly casting),因此下面的代碼須要顯式類型轉換(Explicitly casting):
let label = "The width is " let width = 94 let width = label + String (width)
字符串格式化
Swift 使用\(item)
的形式進行字符串格式化:
let apples = 3 let oranges = 5 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples." let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
數組和字典
Swift 使用[]
操做符聲明數組(array)和字典(dictionary):
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"] shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water" var occupations = [ "Malcolm": "Captain", "Kaylee": "Mechanic", ] occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
通常使用初始化器(initializer)語法建立空數組和空字典:
let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
若是類型信息已知,則可使用[]
聲明空數組,使用[:]
聲明空字典。
控制流
概覽
Swift 的條件語句包含if
和switch
,循環語句包含for-in
、for
、while
和do-while
,循環/判斷條件不須要括號,但循環/判斷體(body)必需括號:
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12] var teamScore = 0 for score in individualScores { if score > 50 { teamScore += 3 } else { teamScore += 1 } }
可空類型
結合if
和let
,能夠方便的處理可空變量(nullable variable)。對於空值,須要在類型聲明後添加?
顯式標明該類型可空。
var optionalString: String? = "Hello" optionalString == nil var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed" var gretting = "Hello!" if let name = optionalName { gretting = "Hello, \(name)" }
靈活的 switch
Swift 中的switch
支持各類各樣的比較操做:
let vegetable = "red pepper" switch vegetable { case "celery": let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log." case "cucumber", "watercress": let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich." case let x where x.hasSuffix ("pepper"): let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?" default: let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup." }
其它循環
for-in
除了遍歷數組也能夠用來遍歷字典:
let interestingNumbers = [ "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13], "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8], "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25], ] var largest = 0 for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers { for number in numbers { if number > largest { largest = number } } } largest
while
循環和do-while
循環:
var n = 2 while n < 100 { n = n * 2 } n var m = 2 do { m = m * 2 } while m < 100 m
Swift 支持傳統的for
循環,此外也能夠經過結合..
(生成一個區間)和for-in
實現一樣的邏輯。
var firstForLoop = 0 for i in 0..3 { firstForLoop += i } firstForLoop var secondForLoop = 0 for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i { secondForLoop += 1 } secondForLoop
注意:Swift 除了..
還有...
:..
生成前閉後開的區間,而...
生成前閉後閉的區間。
函數和閉包
函數
Swift 使用func
關鍵字聲明函數:
func greet (name: String, day: String) -> String { return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } greet ("Bob", "Tuesday")
經過元組(Tuple)返回多個值:
func getGasPrices () -> (Double, Double, Double) { return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79) } getGasPrices ()
支持帶有變長參數的函數:
func sumOf (numbers: Int...) -> Int { var sum = 0 for number in numbers { sum += number } return sum } sumOf () sumOf (42, 597, 12)
函數也能夠嵌套函數:
func returnFifteen () -> Int { var y = 10 func add () { y += 5 } add () return y } returnFifteen ()
做爲頭等對象,函數既能夠做爲返回值,也能夠做爲參數傳遞:
func makeIncrementer () -> (Int -> Int) { func addOne (number: Int) -> Int { return 1 + number } return addOne } var increment = makeIncrementer () increment (7)
-
func hasAnyMatches (list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool { for item in list { if condition (item) { return true } } return false } func lessThanTen (number: Int) -> Bool { return number < 10 } var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12] hasAnyMatches (numbers, lessThanTen)
閉包
本質來講,函數是特殊的閉包,Swift 中能夠利用{}
聲明匿名閉包:
numbers.map ({ (number: Int) -> Int in let result = 3 * number return result })
當閉包的類型已知時,可使用下面的簡化寫法:
numbers.map ({ number in 3 * number })
此外還能夠經過參數的位置來使用參數,當函數最後一個參數是閉包時,可使用下面的語法:
sort ([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
類和對象
建立和使用類
Swift 使用class
建立一個類,類能夠包含字段和方法:
class Shape { var numberOfSides = 0 func simpleDescription () -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } }
建立Shape
類的實例,並調用其字段和方法。
var shape = Shape () shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription ()
經過init
構建對象,既可使用self
顯式引用成員字段(name
),也能夠隱式引用(numberOfSides
)。
class NamedShape { var numberOfSides: Int = 0 var name: String init (name: String) { self.name = name } func simpleDescription () -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } }
使用deinit
進行清理工做。
繼承和多態
Swift 支持繼承和多態(override
父類方法):
class Square: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double init (sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init (name: name) numberOfSides = 4 } func area () -> Double { return sideLength * sideLength } override func simpleDescription () -> String { return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } let test = Square (sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square") test.area () test.simpleDescription ()
注意:若是這裏的simpleDescription
方法沒有被標識爲override
,則會引起編譯錯誤。
屬性
爲了簡化代碼,Swift 引入了屬性(property),見下面的perimeter
字段:
class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double = 0.0 init (sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init (name: name) numberOfSides = 3 } var perimeter: Double { get { return 3.0 * sideLength } set { sideLength = newValue / 3.0 } } override func simpleDescription () -> String { return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } var triangle = EquilateralTriangle (sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle") triangle.perimeter triangle.perimeter = 9.9 triangle.sideLength
注意:賦值器(setter)中,接收的值被自動命名爲newValue
。
willSet 和 didSet
EquilateralTriangle
的構造器進行了以下操做:
若是不須要計算屬性的值,但須要在賦值先後進行一些操做的話,使用willSet
和didSet
:
class TriangleAndSquare { var triangle: EquilateralTriangle { willSet { square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } var square: Square { willSet { triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } init (size: Double, name: String) { square = Square (sideLength: size, name: name) triangle = EquilateralTriangle (sideLength: size, name: name) } } var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare (size: 10, name: "another test shape") triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength triangleAndSquare.square = Square (sideLength: 50, name: "larger square") triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
從而保證triangle
和square
擁有相等的sideLength
。
調用方法
Swift 中,函數的參數名稱只能在函數內部使用,但方法的參數名稱除了在內部使用外還能夠在外部使用(第一個參數除外),例如:
class Counter { var count: Int = 0 func incrementBy (amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) { count += amount * times } } var counter = Counter () counter.incrementBy (2, numberOfTimes: 7)
注意 Swift 支持爲方法參數取別名:在上面的代碼裏,numberOfTimes
面向外部,times
面向內部。
?的另外一種用途
使用可空值時,?
能夠出如今方法、屬性或下標前面。若是?
前的值爲nil
,那麼?
後面的表達式會被忽略,而原表達式直接返回nil
,例如:
let optionalSquare: Square? = Square (sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square") let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
當optionalSquare
爲nil
時,sideLength
屬性調用會被忽略。
枚舉和結構
枚舉
使用enum
建立枚舉——注意 Swift 的枚舉能夠關聯方法:
enum Rank: Int { case Ace = 1 case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten case Jack, Queen, King func simpleDescription () -> String { switch self { case .Ace: return "ace" case .Jack: return "jack" case .Queen: return "queen" case .King: return "king" default: return String (self.toRaw ()) } } } let ace = Rank.Ace let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw ()
使用toRaw
和fromRaw
在原始(raw)數值和枚舉值之間進行轉換:
if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw (3) { let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription () }
注意枚舉中的成員值(member value)是實際的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)沒有必然關聯。
一些狀況下枚舉不存在有意義的原始值,這時能夠直接忽略原始值:
enum Suit { case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs func simpleDescription () -> String { switch self { case .Spades: return "spades" case .Hearts: return "hearts" case .Diamonds: return "diamonds" case .Clubs: return "clubs" } } } let hearts = Suit.Hearts let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription ()
除了能夠關聯方法,枚舉還支持在其成員上關聯值,同一枚舉的不一樣成員能夠有不一樣的關聯的值:
enum ServerResponse { case Result (String, String) case Error (String) } let success = ServerResponse.Result ("6:00 am", "8:09 pm") let failure = ServerResponse.Error ("Out of cheese.") switch success { case let .Result (sunrise, sunset): let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)." case let .Error (error): let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)" }
結構
Swift 使用struct
關鍵字建立結構。結構支持構造器和方法這些類的特性。結構和類的最大區別在於:結構的實例按值傳遞(passed by value),而類的實例按引用傳遞(passed by reference)。
struct Card { var rank: Rank var suit: Suit func simpleDescription () -> String { return "The \(rank.simpleDescription ()) of \(suit.simpleDescription ())" } } let threeOfSpades = Card (rank: .Three, suit: .Spades) let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription ()
協議(protocol)和擴展(extension)
協議
Swift 使用protocol
定義協議:
protocol ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { get } mutating func adjust () }
類型、枚舉和結構均可以實現(adopt)協議:
class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class." var anotherProperty: Int = 69105 func adjust () { simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted." } } var a = SimpleClass () a.adjust () let aDescription = a.simpleDescription struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure" mutating func adjust () { simpleDescription += " (adjusted)" } } var b = SimpleStructure () b.adjust () let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
擴展
擴展用於在已有的類型上增長新的功能(好比新的方法或屬性),Swift 使用extension
聲明擴展:
extension Int: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { return "The number \(self)" } mutating func adjust () { self += 42 } } 7.simpleDescription
泛型(generics)
Swift 使用<>
來聲明泛型函數或泛型類型:
func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] { var result = ItemType[]() for i in 0..times { result += item } return result } repeat ("knock", 4)
Swift 也支持在類、枚舉和結構中使用泛型:
// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type enum OptionalValue<T> { case None case Some (T) } var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None possibleInteger = .Some (100)
有時須要對泛型作一些需求(requirements),好比需求某個泛型類型實現某個接口或繼承自某個特定類型、兩個泛型類型屬於同一個類型等等,Swift 經過where
描述這些需求:
func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool { for lhsItem in lhs { for rhsItem in rhs { if lhsItem == rhsItem { return true } } } return false } anyCommonElements ([1, 2, 3], [3])
Swift 語言概覽就到這裏,有興趣的朋友請進一步閱讀 The Swift Programming Language。
接下來聊聊我的對 Swift 的一些感覺。
我的感覺
注意:下面的感覺純屬我的意見,僅供參考。
大雜燴
儘管我接觸 Swift 不足兩小時,但很容易看出 Swift 吸取了大量其它編程語言中的元素,這些元素包括但不限於:
self
)和列表字典聲明語法。1. .3
,1. ..3
)。class
和struct
的概念和 C# 極其類似。注意這裏不是說 Swift 是抄襲——實際上編程語言能玩的花樣基本就這些,何況 Swift 選的都是在我看來至關不錯的特性。
並且,這個大雜燴有一個好處——就是任何其它編程語言的開發者都不會以爲 Swift 很陌生——這一點很重要。
拒絕隱式(Refuse implicity)
Swift 去除了一些隱式操做,好比隱式類型轉換和隱式方法重載這兩個坑,乾的漂亮。
Swift 的應用方向
我認爲 Swift 主要有下面這兩個應用方向:
教育
我指的是編程教育。現有編程語言最大的問題就是交互性奇差,從而致使學習曲線陡峭。相信 Swift 及其交互性極強的編程環境可以打破這個局面,讓更多的人——尤爲是青少年,學會編程。
這裏有必要再次提到 Brec Victor 的 Inventing on Principle,看了這個視頻你就會明白一個交互性強的編程環境可以帶來什麼。
應用開發
現有的 iOS 和 OS X 應用開發均使用 Objective-C,而 Objective-C 是一門及其繁瑣(verbose)且學習曲線比較陡峭的語言,若是 Swift 可以提供一個同現有 Obj-C 框架的簡易互操做接口,我相信會有大量的程序員轉投 Swift;與此同時,Swift 簡易的語法也會帶來至關數量的其它平臺開發者。
總之,上一次某家大公司大張旗鼓的推出一門編程語言及其編程平臺仍是在 2000 年(微軟推出C#),將近 15 年以後,蘋果推出 Swift——做爲開發者,我很高興可以見證一門編程語言的誕生。