009.Kubernetes二進制部署kube-apiserver

一 部署master節點

1.1 master節點服務

kubernetes master 節點運行以下組件：

• kube-apiserver
• kube-scheduler
• kube-controller-manager
• kube-nginx

kube-apiserver、kube-scheduler 和 kube-controller-manager 均以多實例模式運行：

kube-scheduler 和 kube-controller-manager 會自動選舉產生一個 leader 實例，其它實例處於阻塞模式，當 leader 掛了後，從新選舉產生新的 leader，從而保證服務可用性。

kube-apiserver 是無狀態的，須要經過 kube-nginx 進行代理訪問，從而保證服務可用性。

1.2 安裝Kubernetes

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.14.2/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# tar -xzvf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
  4 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cd kubernetes
  5 [root@k8smaster01 kubernetes]# tar -xzvf  kubernetes-src.tar.gz

1.3 分發Kubernetes

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  4   do
  5     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  6     scp kubernetes/server/bin/{apiextensions-apiserver,cloud-controller-manager,kube-apiserver,kube-controller-manager,kube-proxy,kube-scheduler,kubeadm,kubectl,kubelet,mounter} root@${master_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
  7     ssh root@${master_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
  8   done

二 部署高可用kube-apiserver

2.1 高可用apiserver介紹

本實驗部署一個三實例 kube-apiserver 集羣的步驟，它們經過 kube-nginx 進行代理訪問，從而保證服務可用性。

2.2 建立Kubernetes證書和私鑰

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
  3 {
  4   "CN": "kubernetes",
  5   "hosts": [
  6     "127.0.0.1",
  7     "172.24.8.71",
  8     "172.24.8.72",
  9     "172.24.8.73",
 10     "${CLUSTER_KUBERNETES_SVC_IP}",
 11     "kubernetes",
 12     "kubernetes.default",
 13     "kubernetes.default.svc",
 14     "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
 15     "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local."
 16   ],
 17   "key": {
 18     "algo": "rsa",
 19     "size": 2048
 20   },
 21   "names": [
 22     {
 23       "C": "CN",
 24       "ST": "Shanghai",
 25       "L": "Shanghai",
 26       "O": "k8s",
 27       "OU": "System"
 28     }
 29   ]
 30 }
 31 EOF
 32 #建立Kubernetes的CA證書請求文件

解釋：

hosts 字段指定受權使用該證書的 IP 和域名列表，這裏列出了 master 節點 IP、kubernetes 服務的 IP 和域名；

kubernetes 服務 IP 是 apiserver 自動建立的，通常是 --service-cluster-ip-range 參數指定的網段的第一個IP，後續能夠經過下面命令獲取：

  1 # kubectl get svc kubernetes

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  3 -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \
  4 -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes	#生成CA密鑰（ca-key.pem）和證書（ca.pem）

2.3 分發證書和私鑰

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  4   do
  5     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  6     ssh root@${master_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert"
  7     scp kubernetes*.pem root@${master_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert/
  8   done

2.4 建立加密配置文件

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cat > encryption-config.yaml <<EOF
  4 kind: EncryptionConfig
  5 apiVersion: v1
  6 resources:
  7   - resources:
  8       - secrets
  9     providers:
 10       - aescbc:
 11           keys:
 12             - name: key1
 13               secret: ${ENCRYPTION_KEY}
 14       - identity: {}
 15 EOF

2.5 分發加密配置文件

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  4   do
  5     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  6     scp encryption-config.yaml root@${master_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/
  7   done

2.6 建立審計策略文件

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cat > audit-policy.yaml <<EOF
  4 apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1beta1
  5 kind: Policy
  6 rules:
  7   # The following requests were manually identified as high-volume and low-risk, so drop them.
  8   - level: None
  9     resources:
 10       - group: ""
 11         resources:
 12           - endpoints
 13           - services
 14           - services/status
 15     users:
 16       - 'system:kube-proxy'
 17     verbs:
 18       - watch
 19 
 20   - level: None
 21     resources:
 22       - group: ""
 23         resources:
 24           - nodes
 25           - nodes/status
 26     userGroups:
 27       - 'system:nodes'
 28     verbs:
 29       - get
 30 
 31   - level: None
 32     namespaces:
 33       - kube-system
 34     resources:
 35       - group: ""
 36         resources:
 37           - endpoints
 38     users:
 39       - 'system:kube-controller-manager'
 40       - 'system:kube-scheduler'
 41       - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:endpoint-controller'
 42     verbs:
 43       - get
 44       - update
 45 
 46   - level: None
 47     resources:
 48       - group: ""
 49         resources:
 50           - namespaces
 51           - namespaces/status
 52           - namespaces/finalize
 53     users:
 54       - 'system:apiserver'
 55     verbs:
 56       - get
 57 
 58   # Don't log HPA fetching metrics.
 59   - level: None
 60     resources:
 61       - group: metrics.k8s.io
 62     users:
 63       - 'system:kube-controller-manager'
 64     verbs:
 65       - get
 66       - list
 67 
 68   # Don't log these read-only URLs.
 69   - level: None
 70     nonResourceURLs:
 71       - '/healthz*'
 72       - /version
 73       - '/swagger*'
 74 
 75   # Don't log events requests.
 76   - level: None
 77     resources:
 78       - group: ""
 79         resources:
 80           - events
 81 
 82   # node and pod status calls from nodes are high-volume and can be large, don't log responses for expected updates from nodes
 83   - level: Request
 84     omitStages:
 85       - RequestReceived
 86     resources:
 87       - group: ""
 88         resources:
 89           - nodes/status
 90           - pods/status
 91     users:
 92       - kubelet
 93       - 'system:node-problem-detector'
 94       - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:node-problem-detector'
 95     verbs:
 96       - update
 97       - patch
 98 
 99   - level: Request
100     omitStages:
101       - RequestReceived
102     resources:
103       - group: ""
104         resources:
105           - nodes/status
106           - pods/status
107     userGroups:
108       - 'system:nodes'
109     verbs:
110       - update
111       - patch
112 
113   # deletecollection calls can be large, don't log responses for expected namespace deletions
114   - level: Request
115     omitStages:
116       - RequestReceived
117     users:
118       - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:namespace-controller'
119     verbs:
120       - deletecollection
121 
122   # Secrets, ConfigMaps, and TokenReviews can contain sensitive & binary data,
123   # so only log at the Metadata level.
124   - level: Metadata
125     omitStages:
126       - RequestReceived
127     resources:
128       - group: ""
129         resources:
130           - secrets
131           - configmaps
132       - group: authentication.k8s.io
133         resources:
134           - tokenreviews
135   # Get repsonses can be large; skip them.
136   - level: Request
137     omitStages:
138       - RequestReceived
139     resources:
140       - group: ""
141       - group: admissionregistration.k8s.io
142       - group: apiextensions.k8s.io
143       - group: apiregistration.k8s.io
144       - group: apps
145       - group: authentication.k8s.io
146       - group: authorization.k8s.io
147       - group: autoscaling
148       - group: batch
149       - group: certificates.k8s.io
150       - group: extensions
151       - group: metrics.k8s.io
152       - group: networking.k8s.io
153       - group: policy
154       - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
155       - group: scheduling.k8s.io
156       - group: settings.k8s.io
157       - group: storage.k8s.io
158     verbs:
159       - get
160       - list
161       - watch
162 
163   # Default level for known APIs
164   - level: RequestResponse
165     omitStages:
166       - RequestReceived
167     resources:
168       - group: ""
169       - group: admissionregistration.k8s.io
170       - group: apiextensions.k8s.io
171       - group: apiregistration.k8s.io
172       - group: apps
173       - group: authentication.k8s.io
174       - group: authorization.k8s.io
175       - group: autoscaling
176       - group: batch
177       - group: certificates.k8s.io
178       - group: extensions
179       - group: metrics.k8s.io
180       - group: networking.k8s.io
181       - group: policy
182       - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
183       - group: scheduling.k8s.io
184       - group: settings.k8s.io
185       - group: storage.k8s.io
186 
187   # Default level for all other requests.
188   - level: Metadata
189     omitStages:
190       - RequestReceived
191 EOF

2.7 分發策略文件

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  4   do
  5     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  6     scp audit-policy.yaml root@${master_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml
  7   done

2.8 建立訪問 metrics-server的證書和密鑰

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cat > proxy-client-csr.json <<EOF
  3 {
  4   "CN": "aggregator",
  5   "hosts": [],
  6   "key": {
  7     "algo": "rsa",
  8     "size": 2048
  9   },
 10   "names": [
 11     {
 12       "C": "CN",
 13       "ST": "Shanghai",
 14       "L": "Shanghai",
 15       "O": "k8s",
 16       "OU": "System"
 17     }
 18   ]
 19 }
 20 EOF
 21 #建立metrics-server的CA證書請求文件

解釋：

CN 名稱須要位於 kube-apiserver 的 --requestheader-allowed-names 參數中，不然後續訪問 metrics 時會提示權限不足。

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  3 -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \
  4 -profile=kubernetes proxy-client-csr.json | cfssljson -bare proxy-client	#生成CA密鑰（ca-key.pem）和證書（ca.pem）

2.9 分發證書和私鑰

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  4   do
  5     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  6     scp proxy-client*.pem root@${master_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert/
  7   done

2.10 建立kube-apiserver的systemd

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# cat > kube-apiserver.service.template <<EOF
  4 [Unit]
  5 Description=Kubernetes API Server
  6 Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes
  7 After=network.target
  8 
  9 [Service]
 10 WorkingDirectory=${K8S_DIR}/kube-apiserver
 11 ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/kube-apiserver \\
 12   --advertise-address=##MASTER_IP## \\
 13   --default-not-ready-toleration-seconds=360 \\
 14   --default-unreachable-toleration-seconds=360 \\
 15   --feature-gates=DynamicAuditing=true \\
 16   --max-mutating-requests-inflight=2000 \\
 17   --max-requests-inflight=4000 \\
 18   --default-watch-cache-size=200 \\
 19   --delete-collection-workers=2 \\
 20   --encryption-provider-config=/etc/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml \\
 21   --etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
 22   --etcd-certfile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \\
 23   --etcd-keyfile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \\
 24   --etcd-servers=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \\
 25   --bind-address=##MASTER_IP## \\
 26   --secure-port=6443 \\
 27   --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \\
 28   --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \\
 29   --insecure-port=0 \\
 30   --audit-dynamic-configuration \\
 31   --audit-log-maxage=15 \\
 32   --audit-log-maxbackup=3 \\
 33   --audit-log-maxsize=100 \\
 34   --audit-log-mode=batch \\
 35   --audit-log-truncate-enabled \\
 36   --audit-log-batch-buffer-size=20000 \\
 37   --audit-log-batch-max-size=2 \\
 38   --audit-log-path=${K8S_DIR}/kube-apiserver/audit.log \\
 39   --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml \\
 40   --profiling \\
 41   --anonymous-auth=false \\
 42   --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
 43   --enable-bootstrap-token-auth \\
 44   --requestheader-allowed-names="aggregator" \\
 45   --requestheader-client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
 46   --requestheader-extra-headers-prefix="X-Remote-Extra-" \\
 47   --requestheader-group-headers=X-Remote-Group \\
 48   --requestheader-username-headers=X-Remote-User \\
 49   --service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
 50   --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC \\
 51   --runtime-config=api/all=true \\
 52   --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction \\
 53   --allow-privileged=true \\
 54   --apiserver-count=3 \\
 55   --event-ttl=168h \\
 56   --kubelet-certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
 57   --kubelet-client-certificate=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes.pem \\
 58   --kubelet-client-key=/etc/kubernetes/cert/kubernetes-key.pem \\
 59   --kubelet-https=true \\
 60   --kubelet-timeout=10s \\
 61   --proxy-client-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/proxy-client.pem \\
 62   --proxy-client-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/proxy-client-key.pem \\
 63   --service-cluster-ip-range=${SERVICE_CIDR} \\
 64   --service-node-port-range=${NODE_PORT_RANGE} \\
 65   --logtostderr=true \\
 66   --v=2
 67 Restart=on-failure
 68 RestartSec=10
 69 Type=notify
 70 LimitNOFILE=65536
 71 
 72 [Install]
 73 WantedBy=multi-user.target
 74 EOF

解釋：

• --advertise-address：apiserver 對外通告的 IP（kubernetes 服務後端節點 IP）；
• --default-*-toleration-seconds：設置節點異常相關的閾值；
• --max-*-requests-inflight：請求相關的最大閾值；
• --etcd-*：訪問 etcd 的證書和 etcd 服務器地址；
• --experimental-encryption-provider-config：指定用於加密 etcd 中 secret 的配置；
• --bind-address： https 監聽的 IP，不能爲 127.0.0.1，不然外界不能訪問它的安全端口 6443；
• --secret-port：https 監聽端口；
• --insecure-port=0：關閉監聽 http 非安全端口(8080)；
• --tls-*-file：指定 apiserver 使用的證書、私鑰和 CA 文件；
• --audit-*：配置審計策略和審計日誌文件相關的參數；
• --client-ca-file：驗證 client (kue-controller-manager、kube-scheduler、kubelet、kube-proxy 等)請求所帶的證書；
• --enable-bootstrap-token-auth：啓用 kubelet bootstrap 的 token 認證；
• --requestheader-*：kube-apiserver 的 aggregator layer 相關的配置參數，proxy-client & HPA 須要使用；
• --requestheader-client-ca-file：用於簽名 --proxy-client-cert-file 和 --proxy-client-key-file 指定的證書；在啓用了 metric aggregator 時使用；
• --requestheader-allowed-names：不能爲空，值爲逗號分割的 --proxy-client-cert-file 證書的 CN 名稱，這裏設置爲 "aggregator"；
• --service-account-key-file：簽名 ServiceAccount Token 的公鑰文件，kube-controller-manager 的 --service-account-private-key-file 指定私鑰文件，二者配對使用；
• --runtime-config=api/all=true： 啓用全部版本的 APIs，如 autoscaling/v2alpha1；
• --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC、--anonymous-auth=false： 開啓 Node 和 RBAC 受權模式，拒絕未受權的請求；
• --enable-admission-plugins：啓用一些默認關閉的 plugins；
• --allow-privileged：運行執行 privileged 權限的容器；
• --apiserver-count=3：指定 apiserver 實例的數量；
• --event-ttl：指定 events 的保存時間；
• --kubelet-*：若是指定，則使用 https 訪問 kubelet APIs；須要爲證書對應的用戶(上面 kubernetes*.pem 證書的用戶爲 kubernetes) 用戶定義 RBAC 規則，不然訪問 kubelet API 時提示未受權；
• --proxy-client-*：apiserver 訪問 metrics-server 使用的證書；
• --service-cluster-ip-range： 指定 Service Cluster IP 地址段；
• --service-node-port-range： 指定 NodePort 的端口範圍。

提示：若是 kube-apiserver 機器沒有運行 kube-proxy，則還須要添加 --enable-aggregator-routing=true 參數。

注意：requestheader-client-ca-file 指定的 CA 證書，必須具備 client auth and server auth；

若是 --requestheader-allowed-names 爲空，或者 --proxy-client-cert-file 證書的 CN 名稱不在 allowed-names 中，則後續查看 node 或 pods 的 metrics 失敗，提示：

  1 [root@zhangjun-k8s01 1.8+]# kubectl top nodes
  2 Error from server (Forbidden): nodes.metrics.k8s.io is forbidden: User "aggregator" cannot list resource "nodes" in API group "metrics.k8s.io" at the cluster scope
  3 

2.11 分發systemd

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  2 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  3 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for (( i=0; i < 3; i++ ))
  4   do
  5     sed -e "s/##MASTER_NAME##/${MASTER_NAMES[i]}/" -e "s/##MASTER_IP##/${MASTER_IPS[i]}/" kube-apiserver.service.template > kube-apiserver-${MASTER_IPS[i]}.service
  6   done
  7 [root@k8smaster01 work]# ls kube-apiserver*.service			#替換相應的IP
  8 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
  9 [root@k8smaster01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
 10 [root@k8smaster01 work]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
 11   do
 12     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
 13     scp kube-apiserver-${master_ip}.service root@${master_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service
 14   done						                #分發systemd

三 啓動並驗證

3.1 啓動kube-apiserver服務

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  2 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  3   do
  4     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  5     ssh root@${master_ip} "mkdir -p ${K8S_DIR}/kube-apiserver"
  6     ssh root@${master_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-apiserver && systemctl restart kube-apiserver"
  7   done

3.2 檢查kube-apiserver服務

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  2 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# for master_ip in ${MASTER_IPS[@]}
  3   do
  4     echo ">>> ${master_ip}"
  5     ssh root@${master_ip} "systemctl status kube-apiserver |grep 'Active:'"
  6   done

3.3 查看kube-apiserver寫入etcd的數據

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  2 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl \
  3     --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
  4     --cacert=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  5     --cert=/opt/k8s/work/etcd.pem \
  6     --key=/opt/k8s/work/etcd-key.pem \
  7     get /registry/ --prefix --keys-only

3.4 檢查集羣信息

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# kubectl cluster-info
  2 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# kubectl get all --all-namespaces
  3 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# kubectl get componentstatuses
  4 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# sudo netstat -lnpt|grep kube		#檢查 kube-apiserver 監聽的端口

提示：

若是執行 kubectl 命令式時輸出以下錯誤信息，則說明使用的 ~/.kube/config 文件不對，請切換到正確的帳戶後再執行該命令：

The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?

執行 kubectl get componentstatuses 命令時，apiserver 默認向 127.0.0.1 發送請求。當 controller-manager、scheduler 以集羣模式運行時，有可能和 kube-apiserver 不在一臺機器上，這時 controller-manager 或 scheduler 的狀態爲 Unhealthy，但實際上它們工做正常；

6443: 接收 https 請求的安全端口，對全部請求作認證和受權；

因爲關閉了非安全端口，故沒有監聽 8080。

3.5 受權

授予 kube-apiserver 訪問 kubelet API 的權限。

在執行 kubectl exec、run、logs 等命令時，apiserver 會將請求轉發到 kubelet 的 https 端口。本實驗定義 RBAC 規則，受權 apiserver 使用的證書（kubernetes.pem）用戶名（CN：kuberntes）訪問 kubelet API 的權限：

  1 [root@k8smaster01 ~]# kubectl create clusterrolebinding kube-apiserver:kubelet-apis --clusterrole=system:kubelet-api-admin --user kubernetes