*項目地址:awesome-coding-javascript.javascript
在平常開發中爲了提升開發效率,咱們通常是直接調用封裝好的函數方法。可是做爲工程師僅知道這些方法如何調用確定是不夠的,還須要瞭解這些方法背後的實現原理,以便以後更好地運用這些方法,並能夠基於此改進或者寫出本身以爲不錯的方法。java
這方面社區裏也有不少關於原理介紹和代碼實現的文章,能夠從中學到不少。參照着文章裏的描述,本身也能夠實現這些方法,用 console.log
打印一下輸出結果檢查看有沒有問題,可是這樣寫起來比較零碎分散不方便代碼邏輯的持續改進。node
例如:每次要驗證代碼邏輯的時候,都須要把代碼拷到控制檯或者一個文件裏去運行;測試的數據須要臨時構造或者也須要一個一個複製過去;測試用例都須要本身手動執行,不夠自動化;正是因爲測試不方便,因此寫的測試用例也比較粗略;有代碼修改時要保證邏輯正確,須要從新手動執行因此測試用例,繁瑣重複;沒有數據來評估代碼質量。git
如何解決?其實能夠從開源的庫和插件中找到答案,那就是爲這些實現代碼加上單元測試,並保證代碼覆蓋率。github
加上單元測試後的優點有:算法
保證代碼覆蓋率的意義有:編程
因此加上單元測試和保證代碼覆蓋率以後,能解決掉最開始提到的問題,讓咱們即方便又有保障地持續構建咱們的源碼庫。接下來就是列出一些咱們認爲須要實現的源碼庫。數組
它包括 JavaScript 原生和經常使用方法的代碼實現、經常使用庫和插件的代碼實現以及使用 JavaScript 實現的數據結構和經常使用算法。因爲涉及的內容比較多,不可能短期內所有集齊,這裏先把大致的框架搭起來,以後再持續地構建本身的源碼庫。promise
爲了讓你們有個直觀的影響,這裏貼出一些比較有表明性的代碼實現和單元測試,供你們參考。完整的代碼展現請見 Repo : awesome-coding-javascript。bash
實現代碼:
export default function (...args) {
// 使用 Symbol 建立一個全局惟一的函數名
const func = Symbol('func');
let context = args.shift();
// 非嚴格模式下,傳 null 或者 undeinfed,context 等於 window 對象
if (context == null) {
context = window;
}
else {
context = Object(context);
}
// 賦予函數屬性
context[func] = this;
// 函數執行
const result = context[func](...args);
// 刪除臨時的函數屬性
Reflect.deleteProperty(context, func);
return result;
}
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單元測試用例:
import call from './call';
describe('Function.prototype.call', () => {
Function.prototype._call = call;
it('change the direction of this', () => {
const foo = {
value: 1,
};
function bar() {
return this.value;
}
// 和原生的 call 操做進行比較驗證
expect(bar._call(foo)).toBe(bar.call(foo));
});
it('change the direction of this, use in constructor', () => {
function Product(name, price) {
this.name = name;
this.price = price;
}
function Food(name, price) {
Product.call(this, name, price);
this.category = 'food';
}
function Food2(name, price) {
Product._call(this, name, price);
this.category = 'food';
}
// 和原生的 call 操做進行比較驗證
expect(new Food2('cheese', 5).name).toBe(new Food('cheese', 5).name);
});
it('when \'this\' argument is null or undefined', () => {
window.value = 2;
function bar() {
return this.value;
}
// 這是非嚴格模式下的結果,嚴格模式下會報錯
expect(bar._call(null)).toBe(bar.call(null));
expect(bar._call(undefined)).toBe(bar.call(undefined));
});
it('when \'this\' is other primitive value', () => {
function bar() {
return this.length;
}
// 和原生的 call 操做進行比較驗證
expect(bar._call('123')).toBe(bar.call('123'));
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/call/call.test.js
Function.prototype.call
✓ change the direction of this (4ms)
✓ change the direction of this, use in constructor (1ms)
✓ when 'this' argument is null or undefined (1ms)
✓ when 'this' is other primitive value
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實現代碼:
export default function (...bindArgs) {
// 函數自身
const self = this;
// 傳進來的 this 對象
let context = bindArgs.shift();
// 非嚴格模式下,傳 null 或者 undeinfed,context 等於 window 對象
if (context == null) {
context = window;
}
else {
context = Object(context);
}
// 返回的新函數
const fBound = function (...args) {
// 當返回的新函數做爲構造函數使用時,以前指定的 this 對象會失效,此時 this 是指向實例對象
if (this instanceof fBound) {
context = this;
}
// 函數運行並返回結果
return self.apply(context, [...bindArgs, ...args]);
};
// 修改返回函數的原型對象,實例對象就能夠從原函數的原型對象上繼承屬性和方法
fBound.prototype = Object.create(self.prototype);
return fBound;
}
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單元測試用例:
import bind from './bind';
describe('Function.prototype.bind', () => {
Function.prototype._bind = bind;
it('change the direction of this, return a function', () => {
const foo = {
value: 1,
};
function bar(age1, age2) {
age1 = age1 || 0;
age2 = age2 || 0;
return this.value + age1 + age2;
}
const newBar = bar._bind(foo, 3);
expect(typeof newBar).toBe('function');
// 和原生 bind 操做進行比較驗證
expect(newBar(2)).toBe((bar.bind(foo, 3))(2));
});
it('when return function as a constructor, \'this\' points to the instance object', () => {
const foo = { value: 1 };
function bar(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
bar.prototype.friend = 'kevin';
const bindFoo = bar.bind(foo); // 原生 bind 操做生成的實例對象
const bindFoo2 = bar._bind(foo);
bindFoo2.prototype.address = 1; // 修改返回函數的原型對象
// 驗證返回的函數做爲構造函數,實例對象會從原函數的原型對象上繼承屬性
expect(new bindFoo2().friend).toBe(new bindFoo().friend);
// 驗證返回的函數做爲構造函數,以前綁定的 this 對象會失效,this 會指向實例對象
expect(new bindFoo2().value).toBe(undefined);
expect(new bindFoo2().value).toBe(new bindFoo().value);
// 驗證修改返回函數的原型對象,不會引發原始函數 bar 原型對象的修改
expect(bar.prototype.address).toBe(undefined);
});
it('when rebind \'this\', cannot change the direction of this', () => {
const foo = {
value: 1,
};
function bar(age1, age2) {
age1 = age1 || 0;
age2 = age2 || 0;
return this.value + age1 + age2;
}
const bindFoo = bar.bind(foo); // 原生 bind 操做生成的實例對象
const bindFoo2 = bar._bind(foo);
// 對返回的函數用 call 或者 apply 從新綁定 this 對象時,this 對象不會發生改變
expect(bindFoo2.call({ value: 2 })).toBe(1);
expect(bindFoo2.call({ value: 2 })).toBe(bindFoo.call({ value: 2 }));
});
it('when \'this\' argument is null or undefined', () => {
window.value = 2;
function bar(age1, age2) {
age1 = age1 || 0;
age2 = age2 || 0;
return this.value + age1 + age2;
}
// 這是非嚴格模式下的結果,嚴格模式下會報錯
expect(bar._bind(null, 3)(1)).toBe(6);
expect(bar._bind(undefined, 3)(1)).toBe(6);
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/bind/bind.test.js
Function.prototype.bind
✓ change the direction of this, return a function (3ms)
✓ when return function as a constructor, 'this' points to the instance object (1ms)
✓ when rebind 'this', cannot change the direction of this (1ms)
✓ when 'this' argument is null or undefined
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實現代碼:
import { isArrowFunction } from './../../shared/is';
export function objectFactory(Factory, ...args) {
if (typeof Factory !== 'function') {
throw new Error('need be a function argument');
}
if (isArrowFunction(Factory)) {
throw new Error('arrow function is not allowed');
}
const instance = Object.create(Factory.prototype); // 建立實例對象
const result = Factory.apply(instance, args); // 執行構造函數
return result instanceof Object ? result : instance;
}
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單元測試用例:
import { objectFactory } from './new';
describe('new', () => {
it('take a function as an argument', () => {
const Factory = 123;
function excute() {
objectFactory(Factory);
}
expect(excute).toThrowError('need be a function argument');
});
it('cannot be an arrow function', () => {
const Factory = (name, age) => {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
return 233;
};
function excute() {
objectFactory(Factory);
}
expect(excute).toThrowError('arrow function is not allowed');
});
it('create a instance', () => {
function Factory(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
Factory.prototype.getName = function () {
return this.name;
};
const f = objectFactory(Factory, 'jack', 12);
const nf = new Factory('jack', 12); // 原生的 new 操做生成的實例對象
expect(f.name).toBe(nf.name);
expect(f.age).toBe(nf.age);
expect(f.getName()).toBe(nf.getName());
});
it('if return a primitive value, return the newly instance', () => {
const Factory = function (name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
return 233;
};
Factory.prototype.getName = function () {
return this.name;
};
const f = objectFactory(Factory, 'jack', 12);
const nf = new Factory('jack', 12); // 原生的 new 操做生成的實例對象
expect(f.name).toBe(nf.name);
expect(f.age).toBe(nf.age);
expect(f.getName()).toBe(nf.getName());
});
it('if return a object, return the object', () => {
const Factory = function (name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
return {
name: 'john',
};
};
Factory.prototype.getName = function () {
return this.name;
};
const f = objectFactory(Factory, 'jack', 12);
const nf = new Factory('jack', 12); // 原生的 new 操做生成的實例對象
expect(f.name).toBe(nf.name);
expect(f.age).toBe(nf.age);
expect(f.getName).toBe(nf.getName);
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/new/new.test.js
new
✓ take a function as an argument (5ms)
✓ cannot be an arrow function (1ms)
✓ create a instance (1ms)
✓ if return a primitive value, return the newly instance (1ms)
✓ if return a object, return the object (1ms)
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實現代碼:
export default function throttle(func, interval) {
let startTime = new Date();
return function (...args) {
const curTime = new Date();
// 大於間隔時才執行函數的邏輯
if (curTime - startTime > interval) {
// 重設開始時間
startTime = curTime;
// 執行函數
func.apply(this, args);
}
};
}
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單元測試用例:
import throttle from './throttle';
import sleep from './../../shared/sleep';
describe('throttle', () => {
it('when less than interval, will throttle', async () => {
let count = 0;
const addCount = () => {
count += 1;
};
const timer = setInterval(throttle(addCount, 400), 200);
/** * 400 -> 1 * 800 -> 2 */
setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(timer);
}, 1000);
await sleep(1500);
expect(count).toBe(2);
});
it('when greate than interval, normally call', async () => {
let count = 0;
const addCount = () => {
count += 1;
};
const timer = setInterval(throttle(addCount, 200), 300);
/** * 300 -> 1 * 600 -> 2 * 900 -> 3 */
setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(timer);
}, 1000);
await sleep(1500);
expect(count).toBe(3);
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/throttle/throttle.test.js
throttle
✓ when less than interval, will throttle (1506ms)
✓ when greate than interval, normally call (1505ms)
複製代碼
實現代碼:
export default class Promise {
constructor(fn) {
// 記錄 promise 的狀態,根據狀態來操做 callbacks 隊列
this.state = 'pending';
// 記錄 resolve 或 reject 時的值
this.value = null;
// 裏面維護了一個隊列,是 resolve 時要執行的代碼
this.callbacks = [];
fn(this.resolve, this.reject);
}
static resolve = val => {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
resolve(val);
});
}
static reject = reason => {
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
reject(reason);
});
}
static stop = () => {
return new Promise(function () {});
}
// 註冊 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 函數
then = (onFulfilled, onRejected) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
this.handle({
onFulfilled: onFulfilled || null,
onRejected: onRejected || null,
resolve,
reject,
});
});
}
catch = onRejected => {
return this.then(null, onRejected);
}
finally = onFinally => {
onFinally = typeof onFinally === 'function' ? onFinally : function noop() {};
return this.then(
val => Promise.resolve(onFinally()).then(() => val),
reason => Promise.resolve(onFinally()).then(() => {
throw reason;
})
);
}
// 更改狀態,調用執行 callbacks 的方法
resolve = val => {
// 狀態只能更改一次
if (this.state !== 'pending') {
return;
}
// resolve 的值是 Promise 的狀況
if (val && (typeof val === 'function' || typeof val === 'object')) {
const then = val.then;
if (typeof then === 'function') {
then.call(val, this.resolve, this.reject);
return;
}
}
this.state = 'fulfilled';
this.value = val;
this.execute();
}
reject = reason => {
// 狀態只能更改一次
if (this.state !== 'pending') {
return;
}
this.state = 'rejected';
this.value = reason;
this.execute();
}
// 執行 callbacks
execute = () => {
setTimeout(() => {
this.callbacks.forEach(callback => {
this.handle(callback);
});
}, 0);
}
// 負責處理單個 callback
handle = callback => {
if (this.state === 'pending') {
this.callbacks.push(callback);
return;
}
if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
// 若是 then 中沒有傳遞任何東西
if (!callback.onFulfilled) {
// 直接執行下一個 promise
callback.resolve(this.value);
return;
}
try {
// 執行當前的 promise
const ret = callback.onFulfilled(this.value);
// 執行下一個 promise
callback.resolve(ret);
}
catch (err) {
callback.reject(err);
}
return;
}
if (this.state === 'rejected') {
// 若是沒有指定 callback.onRejected
if (!callback.onRejected) {
callback.reject(this.value);
return;
}
try {
const ret = callback.onRejected(this.value);
callback.resolve(ret);
}
catch (err) {
callback.reject(err);
}
return;
}
}
}
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單元測試用例:
import Promise from './promise';
import sleep from './../../shared/sleep';
// ref: https://github.com/promises-aplus/promises-tests
describe('Promise', () => {
const time = 500;
it('take a function as an argument', () => {
expect(() => {
new Promise(1);
}).toThrowError('is not a function');
});
it('return a promise instace, exposes the public API', () => {
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+new Date() % 2 === 0 ? resolve() : reject();
});
expect(promise).toHaveProperty('then');
expect(promise).toHaveProperty('catch');
expect(promise).toHaveProperty('finally');
});
it('promise.then, onFulfilled', done => {
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(time);
}, time);
});
promise.then(ms => {
expect(ms).toBe(time);
done();
});
});
it('promise.then, onRejected', done => {
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
reject(time);
}, time);
});
promise.then(() => {
// onFulfilled
}, reason => {
// onRejected
expect(reason).toBe(time);
done();
});
});
it('promise.catch', done => {
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
reject(time);
}, time);
});
promise.then(() => {
// onFulfilled
}).catch(reason => {
expect(reason).toBe(time);
done();
});
});
it('promise.finally', done => {
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
reject(time);
}, time);
});
promise.then(() => {
// onFulfilled
}).catch(() => {
// onRejected
}).finally(() => {
// Finally
expect(true).toBe(true);
done();
});
});
it('promise chain call, onFulfilled', done => {
new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(time);
}, time);
}).then(ms => {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(ms + time);
}, time);
});
}).then(total => {
expect(total).toBe(time * 2);
done();
});
});
it('promise chain call, onRejected', done => {
new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
reject(time);
}, time);
}).then(ms => {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(ms + time);
}, time);
});
}).then(total => {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(total + time);
}, time);
});
}).catch(reason => {
expect(reason).toBe(time);
done();
});
});
it('can only change status once, cannot from fulfilled to rejected', async () => {
let result = '';
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(time);
setTimeout(function () { // 設定以後再 reject 一次
reject(time);
}, 0);
}, time);
});
promise.then(() => {
result += '=fulfilled=';
}).catch(() => {
result += '=rejected=';
});
await sleep(2000);
// 不等於 'fulfilled rejected'
expect(result).not.toBe('=fulfilled==rejected=');
// 等於 'fulfilled'
expect(result).toBe('=fulfilled=');
});
it('can only change status once, cannot from rejected to fulfilled', async () => {
let result = '';
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(function () {
reject(time);
setTimeout(function () { // 設定以後再 resolve 一次
resolve(time);
}, 0);
}, time);
});
promise.then(() => {
result += '=fulfilled=';
}).catch(() => {
result += '=rejected=';
});
await sleep(2000);
// 不等於 'fulfilled rejected'
expect(result).not.toBe('=rejected==fulfilled=');
// 等於 'rejected'
expect(result).toBe('=rejected=');
});
it('Promise.resolve', done => {
Promise.resolve(1).then(num => {
expect(num).toBe(1);
done();
});
});
it('Promise.reject', done => {
Promise.reject(1).catch(num => {
expect(num).toBe(1);
done();
});
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/promise/promise.test.js (8.328s)
Promise
✓ take a function as an argument (13ms)
✓ return a promise instace, exposes the public API (2ms)
✓ promise.then, onFulfilled (507ms)
✓ promise.then, onRejected (505ms)
✓ promise.catch (506ms)
✓ promise.finally (509ms)
✓ chain call, onFulfilled (1007ms)
✓ chain call, onRejected (505ms)
✓ can only change status once, cannot from fulfilled to rejected (2002ms)
✓ can only change status once, cannot from rejected to fulfilled (2002ms)
✓ Promise.resolve
✓ Promise.reject (1ms)
複製代碼
實現代碼:
export function asyncGenerator(fn) {
return function () {
const gen = fn.apply(this, arguments);
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
function step(result) {
try {
// 執行結束
if (result.done) {
return resolve(result.value);
}
// 繼續往下執行
Promise.resolve(result.value)
.then(val => step(gen.next(val)))
.catch(err => reject(err));
}
catch(e) {
return reject(e);
}
}
// 遞歸地一步一步執行 gen.next()
step(gen.next());
});
};
}
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單元測試用例:
import { asyncGenerator } from './async';
describe('async generator', () => {
it('auto excute generator', done => {
const asyncFunc = asyncGenerator(function*() {
const a = yield new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('a');
}, 1000);
});
const b = yield Promise.resolve('b');
const c = yield 'c';
const d = yield Promise.resolve('d');
return [a, b, c, d];
});
asyncFunc().then(res => {
expect(res).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
done();
});
});
it('auto excute generator, when get reject', done => {
const errorMsg = 'error';
const asyncFunc = asyncGenerator(function*() {
const s = yield 's';
yield Promise.reject(errorMsg);
return s;
});
asyncFunc()
.catch(res => {
expect(res).toBe(errorMsg);
done();
});
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/async/async.test.js
async generator
✓ auto excute generator (1012ms)
複製代碼
實現代碼:
export default class EventEmitter {
constructor() {
this.listeners = {};
}
on = (event, listener) => {
this.bindEvent(event, listener, false);
}
once = (event, listener) => {
this.bindEvent(event, listener, true);
}
emit = (event, ...args) => {
if (!this.hasBind(event)) {
console.warn(`this event: ${event} don't has bind listener.`);
return;
}
const { listeners, isOnce } = this.listeners[event];
listeners.forEach(listener => listener.call(this, ...args));
if (isOnce) {
this.off(event);
}
}
off = (event, listener) => {
if (!this.hasBind(event)) {
console.warn(`this event: ${event} don't exist.`);
return;
}
// remove all listener
if (!listener) {
delete this.listeners[event];
return;
}
// remove specific listener
const listeners = this.listeners[event].listeners;
listeners.forEach(listener => {
const index = listeners.indexOf(listener);
if (index !== -1) {
listeners.splice(index, 1);
}
});
}
hasBind = event => {
return this.listeners[event]
&& this.listeners[event].listeners
&& this.listeners[event].listeners.length;
}
bindEvent = (event, listener, isOnce = false) => {
if (!event || !listener) {
return;
}
this.listeners[event] = this.listeners[event] || {
isOnce: false,
listeners: []
};
this.listeners[event].isOnce = isOnce;
if (isOnce) {
this.listeners[event].listeners = [listener];
}
else {
this.listeners[event].listeners.push(listener);
}
}
}
複製代碼
單元測試用例:
import EventEmitter from './event-emitter';
describe('EventEmitter', () => {
let emitter;
beforeEach(() => {
emitter = new EventEmitter();
});
it('exposes the public API', () => {
expect(emitter).toHaveProperty('on');
expect(emitter).toHaveProperty('emit');
expect(emitter).toHaveProperty('once');
expect(emitter).toHaveProperty('off');
});
it('emitter.on', () => {
const foo = jest.fn();
const bar = jest.fn();
emitter.on('foo', foo);
expect(emitter.listeners['foo'].listeners).toEqual([foo]);
emitter.on('foo', bar);
expect(emitter.listeners['foo'].listeners).toEqual([foo, bar]);
});
it('emitter.once', () => {
const foo = jest.fn();
const bar = jest.fn();
emitter.once('foo', foo);
expect(emitter.listeners['foo'].listeners).toEqual([foo]);
emitter.once('foo', bar);
expect(emitter.listeners['foo'].listeners).toEqual([bar]);
});
it('emitter.emit', () => {
// emitter.on
const foo = jest.fn();
emitter.on('foo', foo);
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
expect(foo).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, 'x');
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
expect(foo).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
// emitter.once
const bar = jest.fn();
emitter.once('bar', bar);
emitter.emit('bar', 'x');
expect(bar).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, 'x');
emitter.emit('bar', 'x');
expect(bar).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
it('emitter.off, remove all listener', () => {
const foo = jest.fn();
emitter.on('foo', foo);
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
emitter.off('foo');
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
expect(foo).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
it('emitter.off, remove specific listener', () => {
const foo = jest.fn();
const bar = jest.fn();
emitter.on('foo', foo);
emitter.on('foo', bar);
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
expect(foo).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(bar).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
emitter.off('foo', foo);
emitter.emit('foo', 'x');
expect(foo).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(bar).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/javascript/event-emitter/event-emitter.test.js
EventEmitter
✓ exposes the public API (4ms)
✓ emitter.on (2ms)
✓ emitter.once (1ms)
✓ emitter.emit (14ms)
✓ emitter.off, remove all listener (2ms)
✓ emitter.off, remove specific listener (1ms)
複製代碼
實現代碼:
/** * 堆(Heap)是計算機科學中的一種特別的樹狀數據結構,如果知足一下特性,便可成爲堆:給定堆中任意節點 P 和 C, * 若 P 是 C 的母節點,那麼 P 的值會小於等於(或大於等於)C 的值。若母節點的值恆小於等於子節點的值,此堆成爲最小堆。 * 若母節點恆小於等於子節點的值,此堆成爲最小堆(min heap) * 若母節點恆大於等於子節點的值,此堆成爲堆大堆(max heap) * 在堆中最頂端的那一個節點,稱做根節點(root node),根節點自己沒有母節點(parent node) * * 在隊列中,調度程序反覆提取隊列中第一個做業並運行,由於實際狀況中某些事件較短的任務將等待很長事件才能結束。 * 或者某些不短小,但具備重要性的做業,一樣應當具備優先權。堆即爲解決此類問題設計的一種數據結構。 * 也就是優先隊列:一種特殊的隊列,隊列中元素出棧的順序是按照元素的優先權大小,而不是元素入隊的前後順序。 * * 堆的特性: * - 堆是一棵徹底二叉樹。即除了最底層,其餘層的節點都被元素填滿,且最底層儘量地從左到右填入。 * - 任意節點小於(或大於)它的全部子節點。 * - 能夠用數組來存儲二叉堆。 */
/** * 實現堆(最大堆、最小堆) */
export default class Heap {
constructor(type, nums) {
this.type = type || 'max'; // 默認爲最大堆
this.items = [];
if (Array.isArray(nums) && nums.length) {
nums.forEach(n => this.add(n));
}
}
isMaxHeap = () => {
return this.type === 'max';
}
isMinHeap = () => {
return this.type === 'min';
}
size = () => {
return this.items.length;
}
getParentIndex = i => {
return Math.floor((i - 1) / 2);
}
getLeftChildIndex = i => {
return i * 2 + 1;
}
getRightChildIndex = i => {
return i * 2 + 2;
}
swap = (i, j) => {
const temp = this.items[i];
this.items[i] = this.items[j];
this.items[j] = temp;
}
// 向堆底插入元素
add = el => {
this.items.push(el);
this.siftUP(this.size() - 1);
}
siftUP = index => {
// 遞歸終止條件
if (index <= 0) {
return;
}
// 找到父元素的索引和值
const item = this.items[index];
const parentIndex = this.getParentIndex(index);
const parent = this.items[parentIndex];
// 若是是最大堆
if (this.isMaxHeap()) {
// 若是母節點的值小於子節點,則該節點須要上浮,即須要交換位置
if (item > parent) {
this.swap(index, parentIndex);
// 再遞歸對 parent 作上浮操做
this.siftUP(parentIndex);
}
}
else if (this.isMinHeap()) {
// 若是母節點的值大於子節點,則該節點須要上浮,即須要交換位置
if (item < parent) {
this.swap(index, parentIndex);
// 再遞歸對 parent 作上浮操做
this.siftUP(parentIndex);
}
}
}
// 取出棧頂元素,並從新構建徹底二叉樹
extract = () => {
// 獲取堆頂元素
const item = this.items.shift();
// 若是當前堆的元素個數小於 2 時,能夠直接返回,不須要從新構建徹底二叉樹
if (this.size() < 2) {
return item;
}
// 如今分離成了兩個徹底二叉樹,須要從新構建成一顆徹底二叉樹
// 獲取最後一個元素,並把它放到堆頂
this.items.unshift(this.items.pop());
// 進行 siftDown 操做,從新構建一顆徹底二叉樹
this.siftDown(0);
// 返回堆頂元素
return item;
}
siftDown = index => {
const leftChildIndex = this.getLeftChildIndex(index);
// 當沒有左子樹(也就沒有右子樹)時,遞歸終止
if (leftChildIndex >= this.size()) {
return;
}
const leftChild = this.items[leftChildIndex];
const rightChildIndex = this.getRightChildIndex(index);
const rightChild = this.items[rightChildIndex];
let nextIndex = leftChildIndex;
if (this.isMaxHeap()) {
// 找到左右子樹的最大值
if (typeof rightChild !== undefined && rightChild > leftChild) {
nextIndex = rightChildIndex;
}
}
else if (this.isMinHeap()) {
// 找到左右子樹的最小值
if (typeof rightChild !== undefined && rightChild < leftChild) {
nextIndex = rightChildIndex;
}
}
const parent = this.items[index];
const next = this.items[nextIndex];
if (this.isMaxHeap()) {
// 若是左右子樹的最大值大於母節點的值,則母節點須要下沉,即須要交換位置
if (next > parent) {
this.swap(index, nextIndex);
// 再遞歸對母節點進行下沉
this.siftDown(nextIndex);
}
}
else if (this.isMinHeap()) {
// 若是左右子樹的最小值小於母節點的值,則母節點須要下沉,即須要交換位置
if (next < parent) {
this.swap(index, nextIndex);
// 再遞歸對母節點進行下沉
this.siftDown(nextIndex);
}
}
}
toString = connector => {
return this.items.join(connector);
}
}
複製代碼
單元測試用例:
import Heap from './heap';
describe('Heap', () => {
let heap;
beforeEach(() => {
heap = new Heap();
});
it('exposes the public API', () => {
expect(heap).toHaveProperty('add');
expect(heap).toHaveProperty('extract');
expect(heap).toHaveProperty('toString');
});
});
describe('Max Heap', () => {
let heap;
beforeEach(() => {
heap = new Heap();
});
it('maxHeap.add', () => {
// 亂序加入
heap.add(3);
heap.add(1);
heap.add(5);
heap.add(2);
heap.add(4);
heap.add(6);
expect(heap.toString()).toBe('6,4,5,1,2,3');
});
it('maxHeap.extract', () => {
// 亂序加入
heap.add(1);
heap.add(4);
heap.add(2);
heap.add(5);
heap.add(3);
heap.add(6);
expect(heap.extract()).toBe(6);
expect(heap.toString()).toBe('5,4,2,1,3');
});
});
describe('Min Heap', () => {
let heap;
beforeEach(() => {
heap = new Heap('min');
});
it('minHeap.add', () => {
// 亂序加入
heap.add(3);
heap.add(1);
heap.add(5);
heap.add(2);
heap.add(4);
heap.add(6);
expect(heap.toString()).toBe('1,2,5,3,4,6');
});
it('minHeap.extract', () => {
// 亂序加入
heap.add(1);
heap.add(4);
heap.add(2);
heap.add(5);
heap.add(3);
heap.add(6);
expect(heap.extract()).toBe(1);
expect(heap.toString()).toBe('2,3,6,5,4');
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/dsa/heap/heap.test.js
Heap
✓ exposes the public API (4ms)
Max Heap
✓ maxHeap.add (1ms)
✓ maxHeap.extract (1ms)
Min Heap
✓ minHeap.add
✓ minHeap.extract (1ms)
複製代碼
實現代碼:
/** * 輸入一個鏈表,輸出該鏈表中倒數第 k 個結點。 */
export default function findKthToTail(head, k) {
if (!head || !k) {
return null;
}
// 雙指針
let first = head;
let second = head;
let index = 1;
while (first.next) {
first = first.next;
// 當 first 和 second 相距 k 時,second 開始逐漸前進
if (index >= k) {
second = second.next;
}
index++;
}
// 循環結束後, k 若是大於 index 則說明倒數第 k 個節點不存在
if (k > index) {
return null;
}
return second;
}
複製代碼
單元測試用例:
import { LinkedList } from './../linked-list/linkedList';
import findKthToTail from './findKthToTail';
describe('find Kth to tail', () => {
it('when k is less or equal than linked list size', () => {
const sourceArr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const linkedList = LinkedList.from(sourceArr);
expect(findKthToTail(linkedList.head, 3).val).toEqual(3);
expect(findKthToTail(linkedList.head, 5).val).toEqual(1);
});
it('when k is greate than linked list size', () => {
const sourceArr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const linkedList = LinkedList.from(sourceArr);
expect(findKthToTail(linkedList.head, 6)).toEqual(null);
});
});
複製代碼
執行單元測試用例:
PASS src/dsa/doublePointer/findKthToTail.test.js
find Kth to tail
✓ when k is less or equal than linked list size (4ms)
✓ when k is greate than linked list size (9ms)
複製代碼
能夠看出來,寫單測並不複雜,測試框架的接口簡單易用,寫單測用例也比較容易。目前的代碼覆蓋率在 90% 以上。