字符串拼接問題應該是每一個Java程序員都熟知的事情了,幾乎每一個Java程序員都讀過關於StringBuffer/StringBuilder來拼接字符串。html
在大多數的教程中,也許你會看到用+號拼接字符串會生成多個String,致使性能過差,建議使用StringBuffer/StringBuilder來拼接。java
但是真的是這樣的嗎?程序員
本文在JDK8中作了以下實驗:app
public static void main(String[] args) { String result = ""; result += "some more data"; System.out.println(result); }
經過javap -c來反編譯獲得:ide
Code: 0: aload_0 // Push 'this' on to the stack 1: invokespecial #1 // Invoke Object class constructor // pop 'this' ref from the stack 4: return // Return from constructor public static void main(java.lang.String[]); Code: 0: ldc #2 // Load constant #2 on to the stack 2: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop #2) 3: new #3 // Push new StringBuilder ref on stack 6: dup // Duplicate value on top of the stack 7: invokespecial #4 // Invoke StringBuilder constructor // pop object reference 10: aload_1 // Push local variable containing #2 11: invokevirtual #5 // Invoke method StringBuilder.append() // pop obj reference + parameter // push result (StringBuilder ref) 14: ldc #6 // Push "some more data" on the stack 16: invokevirtual #5 // Invoke StringBuilder.append // pop twice, push result 19: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.toString:(); 22: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop #6) 23: getstatic #8 // Push value System.out:PrintStream 26: aload_1 // Push local variable containing #6 27: invokevirtual #9 // Invoke method PrintStream.println() // pop twice (object ref + parameter) 30: return // Return void from method
能夠看到Java編譯器優化了生成的字節碼,自動建立了一個StringBuilder,並進行append操做。性能
因爲構建最終字符串的子字符串在編譯時已經已知了,在這種狀況下Java編譯器纔會進行如上的優化。這種優化稱爲a static string concatenation optimization,自JDK5時就開始啓用。優化
那是否就能說明在JDK5之後,咱們再也不須要手動生成StringBuilder,經過+號也能達到一樣的性能?ui
咱們嘗試下動態拼接字符串:this
動態拼接字符串指的是僅在運行時才知道最終字符串的子字符串。好比在循環中增長字符串:.net
public static void main(String[] args) { String result = ""; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { result += "some more data"; } System.out.println(result); }
一樣反編譯:
Code: 0: aload_0 // Push 'this' on to the stack 1: invokespecial #1 // Invoke Object class constructor // pop 'this' ref from the stack 4: return // Return from constructor public static void main(java.lang.String[]); Code: 0: ldc #2 // Load constant #2 on to the stack 2: astore_1 // Create local var from stack, pop #2 3: iconst_0 // Push value 0 onto the stack 4: istore_2 // Pop value and store it in local var 5: iload_2 // Push local var 2 on to the stack 6: i2d // Convert int to double on // top of stack (pop + push) 7: ldc2_w #3 // Push constant 10e6 on to the stack 10: dcmpg // Compare two doubles on top of stack // pop twice, push result: -1, 0 or 1 11: ifge 40 // if value on top of stack is greater // than or equal to 0 (pop once) // branch to instruction at code 40 14: new #5 // Push new StringBuilder ref on stack 17: dup // Duplicate value on top of the stack 18: invokespecial #6 // Invoke StringBuilder constructor // pop object reference 21: aload_1 // Push local var 1 (empty String) // on to the stack 22: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.append // pop obj ref + param, push result 25: ldc #8 // Push "some more data" on the stack 27: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.append // pop obj ref + param, push result 30: invokevirtual #9 // Invoke StringBuilder.toString // pop object reference 33: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop) 34: iinc 2, 1 // Increment local variable 2 by 1 37: goto 5 // Move to instruction at code 5 40: getstatic #10 // Push value System.out:PrintStream 43: aload_1 // Push local var 1 (result String) 44: invokevirtual #11 // Invoke method PrintStream.println() // pop twice (object ref + parameter) 47: return // Return void from method
能夠看到在14的時候new了StringBuilder,可是在37的時候goto到了5,在循環過程當中,並無達到最優化,不斷在生成新的StringBuilder。
因此上述代碼相似:
String result = ""; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { StringBuilder tmp = new StringBuilder(); tmp.append(result); tmp.append("some more data"); result = tmp.toString(); } System.out.println(result);
能夠看到不斷生成新的StringBuilder,而且經過tostring,原來的StringBuilder將再也不引用,做爲垃圾,也增長了GC成本。
因此,在實際的使用中,當你沒法區分字符串是靜態拼接仍是動態拼接的時候,仍是使用StringBuilder吧。
Reference:
http://www.pellegrino.link/2015/08/22/string-concatenation-with-java-8.html
來源:開源中國---Hosee
連接:https://my.oschina.net/hosee/blog/1786130