【轉載】dbus介紹與例子

轉自:https://blog.csdn.net/ty3219/article/details/47358329html

 

總結

  dbus-daemon服務端與各個app客戶端之間的關係以下:api

  1.dbus-daemon服務端創建unix socket文件,文件地址默認爲unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket,app客戶端應用通訊須要先進行socket文件指定,經過系統環境變量值指定:session

    export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket"app

    沒有聲明環境變量時,會報錯:Using X11 for dbus-daemon autolaunch was disabled at compile time, set your DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS insteadsocket

 

  2.dbus-daemon須要知道如何轉發消息,/etc/dbus-1/system.d存放這各app的dbus服務接口配置,dbus-daemon啓動時會遍歷加載目錄中的全部配置,加載分發狀況工具

    沒有配置服務,某個app註冊自身服務名時,會報錯:Connection ":1.0" is not allowed to own the service "org.bluez.obex" due to security policies in the configuration file測試

 

  3.其餘app調用libdbus-api接口,先註冊自身服務名,再註冊自身各個接口服務。通訊其餘app時,直接調用dbus_message_new_method_call等傳入對方的服務名和接口服務網站

 

  4.開源dbus app doc下有xxx-api.txt,D-Bus xxx API description,/etc/dbus-1/system.d裏面的配置文件能夠根據這個api描述,進行服務配置的模仿ui

 

dbus介紹與例子

  D-bus是一個進程間通訊的工具,優勢不在這裏贅述。this

 

  網上不少關於dbus的帖子都是基於dbus-glib或者QT D-bus的,直接使用dbus的教程比較少。也難怪,由於連D-bus的官網都說:"If you use this low-level API directly, you're signing up for some pain."

  但實際上,直接使用D-bus也沒有想象中難。本文將對直接使用D-bus作一個介紹。

 

本文參考了其餘一些網站的帖子或者介紹

官網:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/

經典例子:http://www.matthew.ath.cx/articles/dbus

不錯的帖子:http://blog.csdn.net/flowingflying/article/details/4527634

 

1、概念介紹

  這裏雖說是概念介紹,其實只是我我的對D-bus的一個理解,不必定完整準確。

 1.首先,D-bus能夠分紅三部分來看,

(1)dbus-daemon,一個dbus的後臺守護程序,用於多個應用之間消息的轉發;

(2)libdbus.so,dbus的功能接口,當你的程序須要使用dbus時,其實就是調用libdbus.so裏面的接口;

(3)高層封裝,如dbus-glib和QT D-bus,這些其實都對D-bus的再封裝,讓你使用起來更方便。

  從D-bus官網下載到源碼,其實只包含上面所說的1和2兩部分,libdbus.so裏面的接口也就是官網說的low-level API。

 

2.關於address、bus name、path。。。。

  D-bus裏面提到了一些概念,剛開始不太好理解,這些概念也很容易混淆。這些概念的權威解釋能夠看這裏。

  首先,運行一個dbus-daemon就是建立了一條通訊的總線Bus。當一個application鏈接到這條Bus上面時,就產生了Connection。

  每一個application裏面會有不一樣的Object。這裏Object的概念,能夠簡單地理解爲C++裏面一個類的實例。從D-bus的概念上說,通訊雙方是Object,不是application,一個application是能夠包含不少個Object的。

  而一個Object裏面又會有不一樣的Interface,這個Interface我把它理解爲Object裏面的一個類的成員。這些Interface實際上是通訊方式的集合。

  這裏又牽扯出來一個通訊方式,D-bus裏面支持的通訊方式有兩種,一種叫signal,一種叫method。signal簡單地講,其實就是廣播,就是一對多的通訊方式,能夠從app1向其餘全部的app發消息,但其餘的app是不會對signal進行回覆的。method則是一對一的通訊,一問一答。這種方式有點像遠程調用,app1調用app2的method並傳遞參數給這個method,獲取到這個method返回的結果。

  上面把D-bus通訊裏面的幾個重要元素都介紹了一下,大概的關係是這樣的:

 

 

 

  幾個重要的元素之間的關係都畫出來了,那麼在程序裏面怎麼去標識這些元素呢?這裏又提出來了一些名詞address、bus name、path、Interface name。

(1)address是用來標識dbus-daemon的。當一個dbus-daemon運行之後,其餘的app該怎麼鏈接到這個dbus-daemon,靠的就是address。address的格式要求像這樣:unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket。

(2)bus name是用來標識application的。當一個app1鏈接上dbus-daemon之後,至關於有了一個Connection,但其餘的app二、app3怎麼找到app1,靠的就是bus name。這個bus name標識了app1的Connection,也就至關於標識了app1。bus name由兩種,一種是已冒號開頭的惟一標識,像:34-907這樣;另外一種是通用的標識,是方便人看的,像com.mycompany.TextEditor。

(3)path用於標識Object。當app1的Object1要跟app2的Object2通訊時,Object1要和Object2通訊時,就要告訴dbus-daemon,Object2的path。path的格式像這樣,/com/mycompany/TextFileManager,已「/」開頭。

(4)每一個Interface都會有本身的名字,也就是interface name,咱們經過這個interface name就能夠找到這個interface。interface name像這樣org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager

(5)Signal和Method也有本身的名字,這個名字沒什麼特別的格式要求,隨便改個名字就能夠了。

  官網上對這些標識列了一個表,以下:

 

2、例子

我在Matthew Johnson和愷風的例子基礎上作了修改,以下:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dbus/dbus.h>



/*
* listen, wait a call or a signal
*/
#define DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.sender_app"

#define DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.receiver_app"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH "/com/ty3219/object"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE "com.ty3219.interface"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL "signal"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD "method"

#define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE "type='signal',interface='%s'"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR "i am %d, get a message"

#define MODE_SIGNAL 1
#define MODE_METHOD 2

#define DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE "/tmp/dbus-client.pid"

/**
*
* @param msg
* @param conn
*/
void reply_method_call(DBusMessage *msg, DBusConnection *conn)
{
DBusMessage *reply;
DBusMessageIter reply_arg;
DBusMessageIter msg_arg;
dbus_uint32_t serial = 0;

pid_t pid;
char reply_str[128];
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;

int ret;

pid = getpid();

//建立返回消息reply
reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(msg);
if (!reply)
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
return;
}

//在返回消息中填入參數。
snprintf(reply_str, sizeof(reply_str), DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR, pid);
__value_str = reply_str;
__value = &__value_str;

dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &reply_arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}

//從msg中讀取參數,根據傳入參數增長返回參數
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &msg_arg))
{
printf("Message has NO Argument\n");
goto out;
}

do
{
int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&msg_arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, get Method Argument STRING: %s\n", pid,
__value_str);

__value = &__value_str;
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, get Method Argument INT32: %d\n", pid,
__value_int);

__value_int++;
__value = &__value_int;
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
DBUS_TYPE_INT32, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
}

} while (dbus_message_iter_next(&msg_arg));

//發送返回消息
if (!dbus_connection_send(conn, reply, &serial))
{
printf("Out of Memory\n");
goto out;
}

dbus_connection_flush(conn);
out:
dbus_message_unref(reply);
}

/* 監聽D-Bus消息,咱們在上次的例子中進行修改 */
void dbus_receive(void)
{
DBusMessage *msg;
DBusMessageIter arg;
DBusConnection *connection;
DBusError err;

pid_t pid;
char name[64];
char rule[128];

const char *path;
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;

int ret;

pid = getpid();

dbus_error_init(&err);
//建立於session D-Bus的鏈接
connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
if (!connection)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Connection Error %s\n", err.message);

goto out;
}

//設置一個BUS name
if (0 == access(DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE, F_OK))
snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%d", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, pid);
else
snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME);

printf("i am a receiver, PID = %d, name = %s\n", pid, name);

ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, name,
DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Name Error %s\n", err.message);

goto out;
}

//要求監聽某個signal:來自接口test.signal.Type的信號
snprintf(rule, sizeof(rule), DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE);
dbus_bus_add_match(connection, rule, &err);
dbus_connection_flush(connection);
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
{
printf("Match Error %s\n", err.message);
goto out;
}

while (1)
{
dbus_connection_read_write(connection, 0);

msg = dbus_connection_pop_message(connection);
if (msg == NULL)
{
sleep(1);
continue;
}

path = dbus_message_get_path(msg);
if (strcmp(path, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH))
{
printf("Wrong PATH: %s\n", path);
goto next;
}

printf("Get a Message\n");
if (dbus_message_is_signal(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL))
{
printf("Someone Send me a Signal\n");
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
{
printf("Message Has no Argument\n");
goto next;
}

ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, Got Signal with STRING: %s\n",
pid, __value_str);
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, Got Signal with INT32: %d\n",
pid, __value_int);
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
goto next;
}
}
else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD))
{
printf("Someone Call My Method\n");
reply_method_call(msg, connection);
}
else
{
printf("NOT a Signal OR a Method\n");
}
next:
dbus_message_unref(msg);
}

out:
dbus_error_free(&err);
}

/*
* call a method
*/
static void dbus_send(int mode, char *type, void *value)
{
DBusConnection *connection;
DBusError err;
DBusMessage *msg;
DBusMessageIter arg;
DBusPendingCall *pending;
dbus_uint32_t serial;

int __type;
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;
pid_t pid;
int ret;

pid = getpid();

//Step 1: connecting session bus
/* initialise the erroes */
dbus_error_init(&err);

/* Connect to Bus*/
connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
if (!connection)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Connection Err : %s\n", err.message);

goto out1;
}

//step 2: 設置BUS name,也即鏈接的名字。
ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME,
DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Name Err : %s\n", err.message);

goto out1;
}


if (!strcasecmp(type, "STRING"))
{
__type = DBUS_TYPE_STRING;
__value_str = value;
__value = &__value_str;
}
else if (!strcasecmp(type, "INT32"))
{
__type = DBUS_TYPE_INT32;
__value_int = atoi(value);
__value = &__value_int;
}
else
{
printf("Wrong Argument Type\n");
goto out1;
}


if (mode == MODE_METHOD)
{
printf("Call app[bus_name]=%s, object[path]=%s, interface=%s, method=%s\n",
DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);

//針對目的地地址,建立一個method call消息。
//Constructs a new message to invoke a method on a remote object.
msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(
DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);
if (msg == NULL)
{
printf("Message NULL");
goto out1;
}

dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}

//發送消息並得到reply的handle 。Queues a message to send, as with dbus_connection_send() , but also returns a DBusPendingCall used to receive a reply to the message.
if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(connection, msg, &pending, -1))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}

if (pending == NULL)
{
printf("Pending Call NULL: connection is disconnected ");
goto out2;
}

dbus_connection_flush(connection);
dbus_message_unref(msg);

//waiting a reply,在發送的時候,已經獲取了method reply的handle,類型爲DBusPendingCall。
// block until we receive a reply, Block until the pending call is completed.
dbus_pending_call_block(pending);
// get the reply message,Gets the reply, or returns NULL if none has been received yet.
msg = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
if (msg == NULL)
{
printf("Reply Null\n");
goto out1;
}

// free the pending message handle
dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);

// read the Arguments
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
{
printf("Message has no Argument!\n");
goto out2;
}

do
{
int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, get Method return STRING: %s\n", pid,
__value_str);
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, get Method return INT32: %d\n", pid,
__value_int);
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
}

} while (dbus_message_iter_next(&arg));

printf("NO More Argument\n");
}
else if (mode == MODE_SIGNAL)
{
printf("Signal to object[path]=%s, interface=%s, signal=%s\n",
DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);

//步驟3:發送一個信號
//根據圖,咱們給出這個信號的路徑(便可以指向對象),接口,以及信號名,建立一個Message
msg = dbus_message_new_signal(DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);
if (!msg)
{
printf("Message NULL\n");
goto out1;
}

dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}

//將信號從鏈接中發送
if (!dbus_connection_send(connection, msg, &serial))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out2;
}

dbus_connection_flush(connection);
printf("Signal Send\n");
}

out2:
dbus_message_unref(msg);
out1:
dbus_error_free(&err);
}

static void usage(void)
{
#define USAGE "usage: ./dbus-client [send | receive] <param>\n" \
"\treceive -- listen, wait a signal or a method call\n" \
"\t\tif you want to test signal broadcast, run two receiver like this:\n" \
"\t\trm -f /tmp/dbus-client.pid\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client receive &\n" \
"\t\techo > /tmp/dbus-client.pid\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client receive &\n" \
"\tsend [mode] [type] [value] -- send a signal or call a method\n" \
"\t\tmode -- SIGNAL | METHOD\n" \
"\t\ttype -- STRING | INT32\n" \
"\t\tvalue -- string or number\n" \
"\t\texample:\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client send SIGNAL STRING hello\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client send METHOD INT32 99\n" \
"\n"
printf(USAGE);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
usage();
return -1;
}

if (!strcmp(argv[1], "receive"))
{
dbus_receive();
}
else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "send"))
{
if (argc < 5)
{
usage();
}
else
{
if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "SIGNAL"))
dbus_send(MODE_SIGNAL, argv[3], argv[4]);
else if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "METHOD"))
dbus_send(MODE_METHOD, argv[3], argv[4]);
else
usage();
}
}
else
{
usage();
}

return 0;
}

 


3、運行
  想要運行上面的例子,還須要一些步驟。

(1)運行dbus-daemon

dbus-daemon的運行須要一個配置文件,這個配置文件稍微有點複雜,這裏提供一個最簡單的,無任何權限檢查的例子debug-allow-all.conf

 

<!-- Bus that listens on a debug pipe and doesn't create any restrictions -->

<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
<type>session</type>

<listen>unix:tmpdir=/tmp</listen>

<standard_session_servicedirs />

<policy context="default">
<!-- Allow everything to be sent -->
<allow send_destination="*" eavesdrop="true"/>
<!-- Allow everything to be received -->
<allow eavesdrop="true"/>
<!-- Allow anyone to own anything -->
<allow own="*"/>
<allow user="*"/>
</policy>

</busconfig>

  


  
執行下面的命令


./dbus-daemon --config-file=/path/to/debug-allow-all.conf --fork --print-address
此時,dbus-daemon就會打印出一句相似這樣的話
unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051

其實這個就是dbus-daemon的地址,咱們須要把這個地址設置到環境變量裏面,當你運行app的時候,libdbus.so就會讀取這個環境變量,而後鏈接到這個dbus-daemon上。

設置環境變量


export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051

(2)這個時候你就能夠運行上面例子編譯出來的程序


./dbus-app
此時,會打印出一些參數信息。這個例子程序其實既可收也能夠發,
做爲接收方時運行


./dbus-app receive &
能夠運行多個dbus-app做爲接收方,這樣測試signal時就能夠看到多個dbus-app同時受到這個signal了。
做爲發送方時,發送signal

 

./dbus-app send SIGNAL STRING hello

做爲發送方時,調用method

/dbus-app send METHOD INT32 30

  至此,一個dbus的例子就能夠運行起來了,想詳細瞭解這個例子須要本身去看例子的源碼。

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