1.事物隔離級別html
隔離級別 | 髒讀 | 不可重複讀 | 幻讀 |
---|---|---|---|
未提交讀(Read uncommitted | 可能 | 可能 | 可能 |
已提交讀(Read committed) | 不可能 | 可能 | 可能 |
可重複讀(Repeatable read) | 不可能 | 不可能 | 可能 |
可串行化(Serializable ) | 不可能 | 不可能 | 不可能 |
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·未提交讀(Read Uncommitted):容許髒讀,也就是可能讀取到其餘會話中未提交事務修改的數據sql
·提交讀(Read Committed):只能讀取到已經提交的數據。Oracle等多數數據庫默認都是該級別 (不重複讀)數據庫
·可重複讀(Repeated Read):可重複讀。在同一個事務內的查詢都是事務開始時刻一致的,InnoDB默認級別。在SQL標準中,該隔離級別消除了不可重複讀,可是還存在幻象讀session
·串行讀(Serializable):徹底串行化的讀,每次讀都須要得到表級共享鎖,讀寫相互都會阻塞spa
==============================================================rest
① 髒讀: 髒讀就是指當一個事務正在訪問數據,而且對數據進行了修改,而這種修改尚未提交到數據庫中,這時,另一個事務也訪問這個數據,而後使用了這個數據。code
session 1: mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation; +-----------------------+ | @@global.tx_isolation | +-----------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +-----------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +-----------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +-----------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +-----------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start transaction; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into ttd values(1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | +------+ row in set (0.00 sec) session 2: mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation; +-----------------------+ | @@global.tx_isolation | +-----------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | --------該隔離級別下(除了 read uncommitted) +-----------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; Empty set (0.00 sec) --------不會出現髒讀 mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-UNCOMMITTED | --------該隔離級別下 +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | --------REPEATABLE-READ級別出現髒讀 +------+ row in set (0.00 sec)
結論:session 2 在READ-UNCOMMITTED 下讀取到session 1 中未提交事務修改的數據.htm
② 不可重複讀:是指在一個事務內,屢次讀同一數據。在這個事務尚未結束時,另一個事務也訪問該同一數據。那麼,在第一個事務中的兩次讀數據之間,因爲第二個事務的修改,那麼第一個事務兩次讀到的的數據多是不同的。這樣就發生了在一個事務內兩次讀到的數據是不同的,所以稱爲是不可重複讀。blog
session 1: mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED | +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start transaction; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | +------+ row in set (0.00 sec) session 2 : mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start transaction; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | +------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into ttd values(2); /也能夠更新數據 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | | 2 | +------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) session 2 提交後,查看session 1 的結果; session 1: mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | --------和第一次的結果不同,READ-COMMITTED 級別出現了不重複讀 | 2 | +------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
③ 可重複讀:
session 1: mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start transaction; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | | 2 | +------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) session 2 : mysql> select @@session.tx_isolation; +------------------------+ | @@session.tx_isolation | +------------------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start transaction; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into ttd values(3); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) session 2 提交後,查看session 1 的結果; session 1: mysql> select * from ttd; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | --------和第一次的結果同樣,REPEATABLE-READ級別出現了重複讀 | 2 | +------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) (commit session 1 以後 再select * from ttd 能夠看到session 2 插入的數據3)
④ 幻讀:第一個事務對一個表中的數據進行了修改,這種修改涉及到表中的所有數據行。同時,第二個事務也修改這個表中的數據,這種修改是向表中插入一行新數據。那麼,之後就會發生操做第一個事務的用戶發現表中還有沒有修改的數據行,就好象發生了幻覺同樣。
mysql>CREATE TABLE `t_bitfly` ( `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL default '0', `value` varchar(32) default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation; +-----------------------+-----------------+ | @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation | +-----------------------+-----------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | REPEATABLE-READ | +-----------------------+-----------------+ 實驗一: t Session A Session B | | START TRANSACTION; START TRANSACTION; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | empty set | INSERT INTO t_bitfly | VALUES (1, 'a'); | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | empty set | COMMIT; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | empty set | | INSERT INTO t_bitfly VALUES (1, 'a'); | ERROR 1062 (23000): | Duplicate entry '1' for key 1 v (shit, 剛剛明明告訴我沒有這條記錄的) 如此就出現了幻讀,覺得表裏沒有數據,其實數據已經存在了,傻乎乎的提交後,才發現數據衝突了。 實驗二: t Session A Session B | | START TRANSACTION; START TRANSACTION; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | INSERT INTO t_bitfly | VALUES (2, 'b'); | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | COMMIT; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | | UPDATE t_bitfly SET value='z'; | Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0 | (怎麼多出來一行) | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | z | | | 2 | z | | +------+-------+
本事務中第一次讀取出一行,作了一次更新後,另外一個事務裏提交的數據就出現了。也能夠看作是一種幻讀。
當隔離級別是可重複讀,且禁用innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog的狀況下,在搜索和掃描index的時候使用的next-key locks能夠避免幻讀。
再看一個實驗,要注意,表t_bitfly裏的id爲主鍵字段。
實驗三: t Session A Session B | | START TRANSACTION; START TRANSACTION; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly | WHERE id<=1 | FOR UPDATE; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | INSERT INTO t_bitfly | VALUES (2, 'b'); | Query OK, 1 row affected | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | INSERT INTO t_bitfly | VALUES (0, '0'); | (waiting for lock ...then timeout) | ERROR 1205 (HY000): | Lock wait timeout exceeded; | try restarting transaction | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+ | COMMIT; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +------+-------+ | | id | value | | +------+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +------+-------+
能夠看到,用id<=1加的鎖,只鎖住了id<=1的範圍,能夠成功添加id爲2的記錄,添加id爲0的記錄時就會等待鎖的釋放。
實驗四:一致性讀和提交讀 t Session A Session B | | START TRANSACTION; START TRANSACTION; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +----+-------+ | | id | value | | +----+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +----+-------+ | INSERT INTO t_bitfly | VALUES (2, 'b'); | COMMIT; | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +----+-------+ | | id | value | | +----+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +----+-------+ | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly LOCK IN SHARE MODE; | +----+-------+ | | id | value | | +----+-------+ | | 1 | a | | | 2 | b | | +----+-------+ | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly FOR UPDATE; | +----+-------+ | | id | value | | +----+-------+ | | 1 | a | | | 2 | b | | +----+-------+ | | SELECT * FROM t_bitfly; | +----+-------+ | | id | value | | +----+-------+ | | 1 | a | | +----+-------+
若是使用普通的讀,會獲得一致性的結果,若是使用了加鎖的讀,就會讀到「最新的」「提交」讀的結果。
自己,可重複讀和提交讀是矛盾的。在同一個事務裏,若是保證了可重複讀,就會看不到其餘事務的提交,違背了提交讀;若是保證了提交讀,就會致使先後兩次讀到的結果不一致,違背了可重複讀。
能夠這麼講,InnoDB提供了這樣的機制,在默認的可重複讀的隔離級別裏,可使用加鎖讀去查詢最新的數據(提交讀)。
MySQL InnoDB的可重複讀並不保證避免幻讀,須要應用使用加鎖讀來保證。而這個加鎖度使用到的機制就是next-key locks。