在分析PHP中HashTable實現原理以前,先介紹一下相關的基本概念:php
以下圖例子,但願經過人名檢索一個數據,鍵名經過哈希函數,獲得指向bucket的指針,最後訪問真實的bucket。算法
鍵名(Key):在哈希函數轉換前,數據的標識。數組
桶(Bucket):在哈希表中,真正保存數據的容器。數據結構
哈希函數(Hash Function):將Key經過哈希函數,獲得一個指向bucket的指針。MD5,SHA-1是咱們在業務中經常使用的哈希函數。app
哈希衝突(Hash Collision):兩個不一樣的Key,通過哈希函數,獲得同一個bucket的指針。函數
如今咱們來看一下PHP中的哈希表結構ui
1 //Zend/zend_hash.h 2 3 typedef struct _hashtable { 4 uint nTableSize; //哈希表的長度,不是元素個數 5 uint nTableMask; //哈希表的掩碼,設置爲nTableSize-1 6 uint nNumOfElements; //哈希表實際元素個數 7 ulong nNextFreeElement; //指向下一個空元素位置 8 Bucket *pInternalPointer; //用於遍歷哈希表的內部指針 9 Bucket *pListHead; //哈希表隊列的頭部 10 Bucket *pListTail; //哈希表隊列的尾部 11 Bucket **arBuckets; //哈希表存儲的元素數組 12 dtor_func_t pDestructor; //哈希表的元素析構函數指針 13 zend_bool persistent; //是不是持久保存,用於pmalloc的參數,能夠持久存儲在內存中 14 unsigned char nApplyCount; // zend_hash_apply的次數,用來限制嵌套遍歷的層數,限制爲3層 15 zend_bool bApplyProtection; //是否開啓嵌套遍歷保護 16 #if ZEND_DEBUG 17 int inconsistent; //debug字段,查看哈希表的操做記錄 18 #endif 19 } HashTable; 20 21 typedef struct bucket { 22 ulong h; //數組索引的哈希值 23 uint nKeyLength; //索引數組爲0,關聯數組爲key的長度 24 void *pData; //元素內容的指針 25 void *pDataPtr; // 若是是指針大小的數據,用pDataPtr直接存儲,pData指向pDataPtr 26 struct bucket *pListNext; //哈希鏈表中下一個元素 27 struct bucket *pListLast; //哈希鏈表中上一個元素 28 struct bucket *pNext; //解決哈希衝突,變爲雙向鏈表,雙向鏈表的下一個元素 29 struct bucket *pLast; //解決哈希衝突,變爲雙向鏈表,雙向鏈表的上一個元素 30 const char *arKey; //最後一個元素key的名稱 31 } Bucket;
哈希表的經常使用操做函數,內核使用宏定義來方便咱們的操做spa
//初始化哈希表
#define zend_hash_init(ht, nSize, pHashFunction, pDestructor, persistent) _zend_hash_init((ht), (nSize), (pDestructor), (persistent) ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC)
ht 指向哈希表的指針,一般咱們能夠這樣定義哈希表,HashTable *ht;ALLOC_HASHTABLE(ht);
nSize 哈希表的數量,哈希表老是以2N次遞增的,因此實際的數量會大於你傳遞的數量
pHashFunction 這是早期用到的一個參數,用來定義一個hash函數,如今所有改爲默認的DJBX33A算法計算哈希值,只是爲了兼容才保留了參數,咱們傳NULL便可
pDestructor 是一個回調函數,當咱們刪除或修改hashtable表中的一個元素時便會調用改函數
persistent 是一個標識位,是否在內存中永久保存ht指向的哈希表。可使用1或0兩個值,顯然1表示永久保存
//更新哈希表的關聯數組值
#define zend_hash_update(ht, arKey, nKeyLength, pData, nDataSize, pDest) \
_zend_hash_add_or_update(ht, arKey, nKeyLength, pData, nDataSize, pDest, HASH_UPDATE ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC)
ht 同上
arKey 字符索引的key值
nKeyLength key長度
pData 字符數組保存的值
nDataSize sizeof(pData)的值
pDest 若是不爲NULL,則*pDest=pData;
//插入哈希表的關聯數組數據 #define zend_hash_add(ht, arKey, nKeyLength, pData, nDataSize, pDest) \ _zend_hash_add_or_update(ht, arKey, nKeyLength, pData, nDataSize, pDest, HASH_ADD ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC)
參數同上 //更新索引數組
#define zend_hash_index_update(ht, h, pData, nDataSize, pDest) \ _zend_hash_index_update_or_next_insert(ht, h, pData, nDataSize, pDest, HASH_UPDATE ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC)
h 數字索引值
其他參數同上
//插入索引數組 #define zend_hash_next_index_insert(ht, pData, nDataSize, pDest) \ _zend_hash_index_update_or_next_insert(ht, 0, pData, nDataSize, pDest, HASH_NEXT_INSERT ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC)
參數同上
哈希表的APIdebug
int zend_hash_init(HashTable* ht, uint size, hash_func_t hash, dtor_func_t destructor, zend_bool persistent) int zend_hash_add(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void* data, uint dlen, void** dest) int zend_hash_update(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void* data, uint dlen, void** dest) int zend_hash_find(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void** data) zend_bool zend_hash_exists(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen) int zend_hash_del(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen) int zend_hash_index_update(HashTable* ht, ulong index, void* data, uint dsize, void** dest) int zend_hash_index_del(HashTable* ht, ulong index) int zend_hash_index_find(HashTable* ht, ulong index, void** data) int zend_hash_index_exists(HashTable* ht, ulong index)ulong zend_hash_next_free_element(HashTable* ht)
哈希表的遍歷API指針
HashTable Traversal API int zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset(HashTable* ht) resets the internal pointer of ht to the start int zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(HashTable* ht, HashPosition position) sets position the the start of ht int zend_hash_get_current_data(HashTable* ht, void* data) gets the data at the current position in ht, data should be cast to void**, ie: (void**) &data int zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(HashTable* ht, void* data, HashPosition position) sets data to the data at position in ht int zend_hash_get_current_key(HashTable* ht, void* data, char**key, uint klen, ulong index, zend_bool duplicate) sets key, klen, and index from the key information at the current position. The possible return values HASH_KEY_IS_STRING and HASH_KEY_IS_LONG are indicative of the kind of key found at the current posision. int zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(HashTable* ht, void* data, char**key, uint klen, ulong index, zend_bool duplicate, HashPosition position) sets key, klen, and index from the key information at position. The possible return values HASH_KEY_IS_STRING and HASH_KEY_IS_LONG are indicative of the kind of key found at position. int zend_hash_move_forward(HashTable* ht) moves the internal pointer of ht to the next entry in ht int zend_hash_move_forward_ex(HashTable* ht, HashPosition position) moves position to the next entry in ht
經過一個例子來使用上面的API函數
PHP_FUNCTION(myext_example_hashtable);//php_myext.h申明 PHP_FE(myext_example_hashtable, NULL)//函數註冊 PHP_FUNCTION(myext_example_hashtable){ php_printf("init\n"); HashTable *myht; ALLOC_HASHTABLE(myht); int nSize = 100; zend_hash_init(myht, nSize, NULL, NULL, 0);//哈希函數和析構函數都爲NULL char *key1 = "key1"; int nKeyLength = sizeof(key1); zval * value1; MAKE_STD_ZVAL(value1); ZVAL_STRING(value1,"value1",0); zval * value2; MAKE_STD_ZVAL(value2); ZVAL_STRING(value2,"value2",0); int ret = zend_hash_add(myht, key1, nKeyLength+1, &value1, sizeof(zval*),NULL); printf("zend_hash_add,ret=>%d\n",ret); ret = zend_hash_add(myht, key1, nKeyLength+1, &value2, sizeof(zval*),NULL); printf("add exist key , zend_hash_add,ret=>%d\n",ret); ret = zend_hash_update(myht, key1, nKeyLength+1, &value2, sizeof(zval*),NULL); printf("update exist key , zend_hash_add,ret=>%d\n",ret); ret = zend_hash_index_update(myht,0,&value2,sizeof(zval*),NULL); printf("zend_hash_index_update,ret=>%d\n",ret); ret = zend_hash_next_index_insert(myht,&value2,sizeof(zval*),NULL); printf("zend_hash_next_index_insert,ret=>%d\n",ret); HashPosition position; zval **data = NULL; php_printf("\n"); for (zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(myht, &position); zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(myht, (void**) &data, &position) == SUCCESS; zend_hash_move_forward_ex(myht, &position)) { /* by now we have data set and can use Z_ macros for accessing type and variable data */ char *key = NULL; uint klen; ulong index; if (zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(myht, &key, &klen, &index, 0, &position) == HASH_KEY_IS_STRING) { /* the key is a string, key and klen will be set */ php_printf("string key %s =>",key); } else { /* we assume the key to be long, index will be set */ php_printf("index key %d =>",index); } if (Z_TYPE_PP(data) != IS_STRING) { convert_to_long(*data); } PHPWRITE(Z_STRVAL_PP(data), Z_STRLEN_PP(data)); php_printf("\n"); } FREE_ZVAL(value1); FREE_ZVAL(value2); zend_hash_destroy(myht); FREE_HASHTABLE(myht); RETURN_NULL(); }
還可使用內核把哈希表封裝成數組的方式使用,也就是zval類型裏面的IS_ARRAY
array_init(arrval); add_assoc_long(zval *arrval, char *key, long lval); add_index_long(zval *arrval, ulong idx, long lval); add_next_index_long(zval *arrval, long lval); //add_assoc_*系列函數: add_assoc_null(zval *aval, char *key); add_assoc_bool(zval *aval, char *key, zend_bool bval); add_assoc_long(zval *aval, char *key, long lval); add_assoc_double(zval *aval, char *key, double dval); add_assoc_string(zval *aval, char *key, char *strval, int dup); add_assoc_stringl(zval *aval, char *key,char *strval, uint strlen, int dup); add_assoc_zval(zval *aval, char *key, zval *value); //備註:其實這些函數都是宏,都是對add_assoc_*_ex函數的封裝。 //add_index_*系列函數: ZEND_API int add_index_long (zval *arg, ulong idx, long n); ZEND_API int add_index_null (zval *arg, ulong idx ); ZEND_API int add_index_bool (zval *arg, ulong idx, int b ); ZEND_API int add_index_resource (zval *arg, ulong idx, int r ); ZEND_API int add_index_double (zval *arg, ulong idx, double d); ZEND_API int add_index_string (zval *arg, ulong idx, const char *str, int duplicate); ZEND_API int add_index_stringl (zval *arg, ulong idx, const char *str, uint length, int duplicate); ZEND_API int add_index_zval (zval *arg, ulong index, zval *value); //add_next_index_long函數: ZEND_API int add_next_index_long (zval *arg, long n ); ZEND_API int add_next_index_null (zval *arg ); ZEND_API int add_next_index_bool (zval *arg, int b ); ZEND_API int add_next_index_resource (zval *arg, int r ); ZEND_API int add_next_index_double (zval *arg, double d); ZEND_API int add_next_index_string (zval *arg, const char *str, int duplicate); ZEND_API int add_next_index_stringl (zval *arg, const char *str, uint length, int duplicate); ZEND_API int add_next_index_zval (zval *arg, zval *value);