我是如何理解並使用maven的

時間 2019-12-13

標籤如何理解並使 maven 欄目 Maven 简体版

原文原文鏈接

前言

一直想寫一篇關於Maven的文章，可是不知如何下筆，若是說能使用，會使用Maven的話，1、兩個小時足矣，不須要搞懂各類概念。那麼給你們來分享下我是如何理解並使用maven的。html

什麼是Maven？

Maven是一個用於項目構建的工具，經過它便捷的管理項目的生命週期。即項目的jar包依賴，開發，測試，發佈打包，主要管理工做是:依賴管理,項目一鍵構建。java

爲何要使用Maven

使用maven構建的項目,整個項目的體積小
maven項目不須要手動導入jar包，經過在pom.xml中添加依賴，引用依賴會自動從maven倉庫下載jar包，方便快捷。
項目一鍵構建:使用maven能夠快速地對項目進行編譯--測試--運行--打包--安裝
maven支持跨平臺操做，可在window、linux、mac上使用
maven遵循規範開發有利於提升大型團隊的開發效率，下降項目的維護成本，屬於主流技術，通常公司都會使用maven來構建項目

maven倉庫的配置

ps:下載項目引用須要jar包的時候存放的本地路徑linux

倉庫的分類

本地倉庫
私服(公司的倉庫)
中央倉庫

三個倉庫之間的關係

三者之間的關係是，當咱們在項目中依賴一個jar包時，Maven程序會先去本地倉庫中找，若是沒找到就回去私服找，若是仍是沒有，最後就回去中央倉庫找。其過程以下圖：apache

本地倉庫的配置

找到已安裝的maven路徑，如：apache-maven-3.3.9\conf 目錄下settings.xml 文件並用notepad++打開，ctrl+F找到localRepository標籤，將路徑設置爲D:/repository，以下圖：api

說明:什麼是本地倉庫? 就是是由我的將經常使用到的jar包放入一個倉庫中，已備本身在項目中使用，可從別人配置好的jar包倉庫拷到本身本地目錄，由於倉庫通常很大，首次下載須要很長一段時間。dom

配置私服地址

實際工做中，不少項目都會用到maven私服倉庫，通常公司都有統一的maven私服倉庫，因爲公司都是統一化管理，這時候咱們就要配置統一的私服倉庫，舉例以下：maven

<mirrors>
    
    <mirror>
      <!--This is used to direct the public snapshots repo in the 
          profile below over to a different nexus group -->
      <id>nexus-public-snapshots</id>
      <mirrorOf>public-snapshots</mirrorOf>
      <url>http://192.168.1.118:8888/nexus/content/repositories/apache-snapshots/</url>
    </mirror>
    <mirror>
      <!--This sends everything else to /public -->
      <id>nexus</id>
      <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf>
      <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/</url>
    </mirror>
  </mirrors>

pom文件說明

pom.xml文件，通常描述了maven項目的基本信息，好比groupId，artifactId，version等，一個最簡單的pom.xml文件至少須要包含四個元素：modelVersion, groupId, artiffactId和version。ide

好比一個基本的pom.xml文件以下：工具

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.test</groupId> //當前項目的信息
    <artifactId>maven-demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>//SNAPSHOT（快照）表示該項目還在開發中。
</project>

其中主要的標籤含義以下：

project：pom.xml 文件中的頂層元素；單元測試

modelVersion：指明 POM 使用的對象模型的版本。這個值不多改動。

groupId：指明建立項目的組織或者小組的惟一標識。

GroupId 是項目的關鍵標識，典型的，此標識以組織的徹底限定名來定義。好比，org.apache.maven.plugins 是全部 Maven 插件項目指定的 groupId。

artifactId：指明此項目產生的主要產品的基本名稱。項目的主要產品一般爲一個 JAR 文件。第二，象源代碼包一般使用 artifactId 做爲最後名稱的一部分。典型的產品名稱使用這個格式：

version：項目產品的版本號。Maven 幫助你管理版本，能夠常常看到 SNAPSHOT 這個版本，代表項目處於開發階段。

在項目中添加插件，以及對插件的配置

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>//編譯插件
                <version>2.4.3</version>//插件的版本號
                <configuration>//對插件進行配置
                    <source>1.7</source>//源代碼編譯版本
                    <target>1.7</target>//目標平臺編譯版本；
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>//設置插件或資源文件的編碼方式。
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>//執行測試用例的插件
                <version>2.17</version>//插件的版本號
                <configuration>//對插件進行配置
                    <suiteXmlFiles>
                        <suiteXmlFile>${suiteXmlFile}</suiteXmlFile>//測試套件執行路徑
                    </suiteXmlFiles>

                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

如何在pom文件中添加依賴jar包

實際開發中須要引用jar包後，再進行開發，那麼在pom中添加依賴呢?

一、好比我想添加testng.jar包，那麼能夠經過訪問網址 https://mvnrepository.com/ ，而後在搜索框中輸入testng,回車

二、點擊testng,選擇對應版本如6.14.3

三、複製紅框中內容，放到dependencies標籤內。

在pom中引用完成，並自動下載依賴jar包。

  <dependencies>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
            <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
            <version>6.14.3</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

實際效果：

編寫一個主類

package com.test.demo;

public class HellowWorld {
    public String sayHello() {
        return "Hello World";
    }

    public static void main( String[] args ) {
        System.out.println(new HellowWorld().sayHello());
    }
}

編寫一個測試類

package com.test.demo;

import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class TestHellowWorld {

    @Test
    public void testSayHello() {
        HellowWorld hellowWorld = new HellowWorld();
        String result = hellowWorld.sayHello();
        Assert.assertEquals("Hello World", result);
    }
}

maven項目的目錄結構

F:\mavendemo>tree
卷新加捲的文件夾 PATH 列表
卷序列號爲 5C5B-6DDB
F:.
├─.idea
└─src
├─main
│ ├─java
│ │ └─com
│ │ └─test
│ │ └─demo
│ └─resources
└─test
└─java
└─com
└─test
└─demo

注意上面帶紅色的目錄名，maven項目採用「約定優於配置」的原則，src/main/java約定用於存放源代碼，src/main/test用於存放單元測試代碼，src/target用於存放編譯、打包後的輸出文件。這是全世界maven項目的通用約定，請記住這些固定的目錄結構。

編譯和測試

在項目根目錄下運行mvn clean compile命令。執行輸出以下所示：

Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo ---
[INFO] Deleting F:\mavendemo\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Copying 0 resource
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo ---
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\classes
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 1.336 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:33:29+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 13M/309M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

clean：清理輸出目錄target下生成jar包

compile：編譯項目主代碼

編譯完成後，咱們通常都會運行測試代碼進行單元測試，雖然不少狀況下，咱們並無這麼作，可是我仍是建議你們經過Maven作一些自動化的單元測試。

測試用例編寫完畢以後就能夠調用Maven執行測試，運行mvn clean test命令，輸出以下：

Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:\mavendemo\target [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:\mavendemo\src\test\resources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\test-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 2.032 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:27:28+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 15M/309M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

打包和運行

打包就是將咱們編寫的應用打成JAR包或者WAR包，咱們執行mvn clean package命令就能夠完成打包。mvn clean package命令的輸出以下：

Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:\mavendemo\target [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:\mavendemo\src\test\resources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\test-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Surefire report directory: F:\mavendemo\test-output ------------------------------------------------------- T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------- Running com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Configuring TestNG with: TestNG652Configurator Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.498 sec - in com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Building jar: F:\mavendemo\target\maven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 3.356 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:46:00+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 17M/311M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

運行完後，會在target目錄下生成jar包

若是別的項目要引用這個JAR包時，咱們將這個JAR包複製到其它項目的classpath中就OK了。

可是這樣拷貝就違背了咱們當初想要自動解決依賴的問題，因此如何才能讓其它的Maven項目直接引用這個JAR包呢？咱們須要執行mvn clean install命令。

Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:\mavendemo\target [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:\mavendemo\src\test\resources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:\mavendemo\target\test-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Surefire report directory: F:\mavendemo\test-output ------------------------------------------------------- T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------- Running com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Configuring TestNG with: TestNG652Configurator Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.611 sec - in com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Building jar: F:\mavendemo\target\maven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Installing F:\mavendemo\target\maven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar to E:\repository\com\test\maven-demo\1.0-SNAPSHOT\maven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] Installing F:\mavendemo\pom.xml to E:\repository\com\test\maven-demo\1.0-SNAPSHOT\maven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.pom [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 4.643 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T20:39:34+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 16M/211M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

使用Archetype生成項目骨架

下面經過用命名行建立一個最基本的maven項目

mvn archetype:generate

先建立項目的根目錄，從盤符開始，命令行窗口下輸入

mkdir demotest

cd demotest

mvn archetype:generate

首次運行時，mvn會從遠程"中央倉庫"下載一些必需的文件到"本地倉庫" -

若是你有興趣，能夠在等待下載過程當中，觀察一下"C:\Users\當前用戶名\.m2\repository"目錄下是否是多了不少文件。

下載完成後，會自動進入交互模式，會讓你輸入一些基本信息，相似下面這樣：

F:\demotest>mvn archetype:generate Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building Maven Stub Project (No POM) 1 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] >>> maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) > generate-sources @ standalone-pom >>> [INFO] [INFO] <<< maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) < generate-sources @ standalone-pom <<< [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) @ standalone-pom --- Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-artifact-transfer/0.9.0/maven-artifact-transfer-0.9.0.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-artifact-transfer/0.9.0/maven-artifact-transfer-0.9.0.pom (8 KB at 5.4 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-common-artifact-filters/3.0.0/maven-common-artifact-filters-3.0.0.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-common-artifact-filters/3.0.0/maven-common-artifact-filters-3.0.0.pom (5 KB at 10.1 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-shared-components/22/maven-shared-components-22.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-shared-components/22/maven-shared-components-22.pom (5 KB at 11.2 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/2.8/wagon-provider-api-2.8.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/2.8/wagon-provider-api-2.8.pom (2 KB at 3.8 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon/2.8/wagon-2.8.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon/2.8/wagon-2.8.pom (19 KB at 41.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/groovy/groovy/1.8.3/groovy-1.8.3.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/groovy/groovy/1.8.3/groovy-1.8.3.pom (32 KB at 26.9 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/antlr/antlr/2.7.7/antlr-2.7.7.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/antlr/antlr/2.7.7/antlr-2.7.7.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm/3.2/asm-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm/3.2/asm-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-parent/3.2/asm-parent-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-parent/3.2/asm-parent-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-commons/3.2/asm-commons-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-commons/3.2/asm-commons-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-tree/3.2/asm-tree-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-tree/3.2/asm-tree-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-util/3.2/asm-util-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-util/3.2/asm-util-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-analysis/3.2/asm-analysis-3.2.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-analysis/3.2/asm-analysis-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity-api/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-api-1.0-alpha-6.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity-api/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-api-1.0-alpha-6.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-1.0-alpha-6.pom
Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-1.0-alpha-6.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec)
Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-components/1.1.9/plexus-components-1.1.9.pom
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[INFO] Generating project in Interactive mode
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