Word List 1

時間 2019-11-19

標籤 word list 欄目 Microsoft Office 简体版

原文原文鏈接

前言

圖片均來源網絡git

文章目錄

前言
1.1 Super computer
1.2 Mainframe
1.3 Server
1.4 Desktop PC
1.5 Notebook or Laptop PC
1.6 Game device
1.7 Smart Phone
1.8 Terminal
2.1 Cluster
2.2 Load balancing
2.3 Cache
2.4 BIOS
2.5 System Bus
3.1 GPU
3.2 CPU
3.3 System or Mother Board
3.4 Power supply
3.5 SDRAM
3.6 Hard Drive
3.7 Solid State Drive
3.8 Computer Case
3.9 Optical Disks

3.9. 1 CD
3.9.2 DVD
3.9.3 Blu-ray

4.1 Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, ExaByte
4.2 Mega, Giga, TeraHertz
4.3 R.P.M. (Hard drive)
5.1 USB
5.2 Firewire
5.3 Thunderbolt
5.4 HDMI
5.5 DisplayPort
6.1 Mouse
6.2 Monitor
6.3 Touch Screen
6.4 Keyboard
參考資料

1.1 Super computer

超級計算機web

the world’s largest and fastest computers;
used for complex scientific calculations, provide researchers with insight into phenomena to observe in laboratories;
compare to a desktop computer: they both contain hard drives, memory, and processors. But their speed and memory sizes are different;
large number of processors, enormous disk storage, and substantial memory;
powerful and high speed.

1.2 Mainframe

服務器，主機算法

Prior to the advent of the personal computer or PC, the minicomputer, and the microcomputer, the term 「computer」 simply referred to mainframes.
a large powerful and high-speed computer;
the centre of a network.
the central processing unit and primary memory of a computer.
supporting numerous workstations or peripherals(shared by many users or can be used by many people at the same time or thousands of individual users can log in simultaneously from a variety of sources or control many tasks being run by many users simultaneously);
can do very large or complicated tasks;
What differentiates the modern mainframe from these other classes of computers is the scope of the processing taking place. The typical mainframe today serves tens of thousands of users processing thousands of transactions every second while maintaining centralized terabyte -size databases. Even the mighty supercomputer, although unquestionably faster doing one thing at a time, is not up to this task.

1.3 Server

服務器chrome

A system on a network that provides a service to other systems connected to the network.
The term was originally restricted to the case where both the server and the systems it served were on the same local area network, and where the server was likely to be expensive in comparison with the systems it served.
The term is now used much more generally, applying to systems where the server and the system to which it provides a service (the client) may be linked by a metropolitan area network or wide area network, and where the server may be much less costly than the client.

1.4 Desktop PC

臺式電腦緩存

An entire computer that sits on a desk or table.
It usually consists of: a display, either color or monochrome; a system box containing the processor, memory, disk drives, power supply, and communication interfaces; a keyboard; a pointing device, often a mouse.
Although the desktop computer is relatively cumbersome compared with a notebook computer of equivalent power, it currently has a significantly better power/performance ratio.
Part of a graphical user interface which invites the user to imagine that some or all of the screen is an actual desktop on which actions analogous to those occurring on a physical desktop can be carried out. These include the opening and closing of folders, the entry and modification of text, the disposal of unwanted material into a wastebasket, and the use of communication systems analogous to telephones and mailboxes. The analogy is supposed to make life easier for office workers unused to computers.

1.5 Notebook or Laptop PC

筆記本電腦服務器

A computer about the size of a piece of A4 paper and a few cm thick with a hinge along the long side.
When opened up, a full-sized keyboard and monochrome or color LCD screen are revealed. Notebooks can have all the processing power and features of desktop computers.
To increase their flexibility the pointing device is often a trackerball embedded in the keyboard rather than a mouse, which requires a hard flat surface to operate successfully.

1.6 Game device

遊戲設備網絡

1.7 Smart Phone

智能手機app

A smart phone is a type of mobile phone that can perform many of the operations that a computer does, such as accessing the Internet.

1.8 Terminal

終端負載均衡

Generally, a terminal is a combination of keyboard and display screen.
A device that enables you to communicate with a computer.
In networking, a terminal is a personal computer or workstation connected to a mainframe. The personal computer usually runs terminal emulation software that makes the mainframe think it is like any other mainframe terminal.
In VoIP terminology, a network endpoint which may provide audio only, audio and video, audio and data, or audio, video, and data communications with another terminal. The most common VoIP terminal is a phone.less

2.1 Cluster

簇，集羣

文件佔用磁盤空間，基本單位不是字節而是簇。通常狀況下，軟盤每簇是1個扇區（扇區sector），硬盤每簇的扇區數與硬盤的總容量大小有關。
計算機集羣Cluster，能夠把多臺計算機鏈接在一塊兒使用，平分資源或互爲保障。一個計算機集羣是指一組鏈接起來的電腦，它們共同工做對外界來講就像一個電腦同樣。集羣通常由局域網鏈接，但也有例外。
集羣通常用於單個電腦沒法完成的高性能計算，擁有較高的性價比。集羣就是由一些互相鏈接在一塊兒的計算機構成的一個並行或分佈式系統，從外部來看，它們僅僅是一個系統，對外提供統一的服務。

2.2 Load balancing

負載均衡

For larger number of users, load balancing and server clustering techniques are unavoidable.
對於更大數量的用戶，負載均衡和服務器集羣技術就在所不免了。

Acceleration: Understand the different load balancing algorithm options and content caching.
加速：理解不一樣的負載平衡算法選項和內容緩存。

The pattern also includes policies for configuring dynamically scaled server provisioning, load balancing, and caching.
該模式還包括對動態縮放的服務器配置、負載均衡和緩存進行配置的策略。

2.3 Cache

高速緩衝存儲器

一般由SRAM組成

a part of a computer’s memory that stores copies of data that is often needed while a program is running;
used for temporary storage of data;
can be accessed more quickly than the main memory.

2.4 BIOS

基本輸入輸出系統 Basic Input Output System

BIOS is an acronym for basic input/output system(responsible for performing input and output operations when so directed)
the built-in software(firmware permanently resident in microcomputer systems)
determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk
an important part of any computer system
On personal computers (PCs), the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions.
The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS).
- This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures.
- It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself.
RAM is faster than ROM, though, many computer manufacturers design systems so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is booted. This is known as shadowing.
The BIOS is usually called from the operating system, but can be called directly from applications. Calling the BIOS directly can result in performance gains and loss of portability.
BIOS is typically stored in a flash memory device on the system’s motherboard. Most new computers have a BIOS that allows you to boot the machine using a DHCP server.
Many modern PCs have a flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS has been recorded on a flash memory chip, which can be updated if necessary.

2.5 System Bus

系統總線

works by combining the functions of the three main buses: namely, the data, address and control buses. Each of the three buses has its separate characteristics and responsibilities;
a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data between a computer microprocessor and the main memory;
provides a communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components of the computer system.

3.1 GPU

圖形處理器 Graphics Processing Unit

圖形處理器（英語：Graphics Processing Unit，縮寫：GPU），又稱顯示核心、視覺處理器、顯示芯片，是顯卡的處理器，是一種專門在我的電腦、工做站、遊戲機和一些移動設備（如平板電腦、智能手機等）上圖像運算工做的微處理器。
用途是將計算機系統所須要的顯示信息進行轉換驅動，並向顯示器提供行掃描信號，控制顯示器的正確顯示，是鏈接顯示器和我的電腦主板的重要元件，也是「人機對話」的重要設備之一。顯卡做爲電腦主機裏的一個重要組成部分，承擔輸出顯示圖形的任務，對於從事專業圖形設計的人來講顯卡很是重要。

3.2 CPU

中央處理器central processing unit

the part of a computer that controls all the other parts of the system;
processes all the data and makes the computer work.

3.3 System or Mother Board

系統板，主板

a piece of computer hardware
the 「backbone」 of the PC(the 「mother」 that holds all the pieces together or serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together)
The CPU, memory, hard drives, and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.

3.4 Power supply

電源

Also called a power supply unit or PSU;
the component that supplies power to a computer.

3.5 SDRAM

同步動態隨機存取內存 synchronous dynamic random-access memory

A type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory.
SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU’s bus and is capable of running about three times faster than conventional FPM RAM, and about twice as fast EDO DRAM and BEDO DRAM. SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM in many newer computers.
SDRAM是有一個同步接口的動態隨機存取內存。一般DRAM是有一個異步接口的，這樣它能夠隨時響應控制輸入的變化。而SDRAM有一個同步接口，在響應控制輸入前會等待一個時鐘信號，這樣就能和計算機的系統總線同步。時鐘被用來驅動一個有限狀態機，對進入的指令進行管線(Pipeline)操做。
DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory），即動態隨機存取存儲器，最爲常見的系統內存。DRAM 只能將數據保持很短的時間。爲了保持數據，DRAM使用電容存儲，因此必須隔一段時間刷新（refresh）一次，若是存儲單元沒有被刷新，存儲的信息就會丟失。（關機就會丟失數據）
RAM系統內存。是隨機存取存儲器 (random-access memory) 的縮寫，它是系統臨時存儲程序指令和數據的主要區域。ram 中的每一個位置均由一個稱爲內存地址的號碼標識。關閉系統後，ram 中保存的任何數據均會丟失。

3.6 Hard Drive

硬盤驅動器 hard disk drive，HDD

A part of a computer
Reads data on a hard disk where you can store your entire CD collection.
Hard disk:
- Rigid magnetic disk for storing computer programs and data. A built-in hard disk drive in a typical personal computer consists of a number of hard platters, coated with a magnetic material set on a common spindle. They are housed inside a sealed container, with a motor to spin the stack of platters, a head to write (record) and read (replay) each side of each platter, and associated electronic circuits. Hard disk capacity is continually being increased.

3.7 Solid State Drive

固態驅動器，固態硬盤

Comparison of the inside of a hard disk drive (HDD) versus a solid-state drive (SSD), which has no moving parts for quieter and more reliable operation.

3.8 Computer Case

機箱

3.9 Optical Disks

光盤(CD,DVD, Blu-ray)

A storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers.
Optical disks can store much more data than most portable magnetic media, such as floppies.
There are three basic types of optical disks:CD-ROM /WORM /erasable.These three technologies are not compatible with one another; each requires a different type of disk drive and disk. Even within one category, there are many competing formats, although CD-ROMs are relatively standardized.

3.9. 1 CD

3.9.2 DVD

3.9.3 Blu-ray

藍光格式的光驅

An HD-DVD format that uses blue-violet laser technology.
The rewritable Blu-ray disc, with a data transfer rate of 36Mbps, can hold up to 27GBof data on a single-sided single layer disc (compared to the traditional DVD 4.7GB capacity), which amounts to about 12 hours of standard video or more than 2 hours of high-definition video.

4.1 Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, ExaByte

Mega 兆
In binary systems, mega stands for 2 to the 20th power, or 1,048,576.
One megabyte, therefore, is 1,048,576 bytes(this is equivalent to 1,024K)

Giga 千兆
When applied to computers, which use the binary notation system, giga represents 2 to the 30th power, which is 1,073,741,824, a little more than 1 billion. A gigabyte, therefore, is about 1.073 billion bytes.

terabyte兆兆字節
2 to the 40th power (1,099,511,627,776) bytes. This is approximately 1 trillion bytes. Terabyte is abbreviated as TB.

petabyte
Enterprise storage systems are starting to leave the terabyte behind, moving into petabytes and toward the exabyte stage. A petabyte (PB) is 1015 bytes of data, 1,000 terabytes (TB) or 1,000,000 gigabytes (GB).

4.2 Mega, Giga, TeraHertz

Mega 兆
In decimal systems, the prefix mega means one million
One megabyte, therefore, is 1,000,000

Giga 千兆
When decimal notation is used, giga stands for 10 to the 9th power. For example, a gigavolt is 1,000,000,000 volts.

TeraHertz 兆赫

4.3 R.P.M. (Hard drive)

每分鐘轉數

5.1 USB

Universal Serial Bus

An external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps.
A single USB port can be used to connect peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards.
USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.

5.2 Firewire

火線

Known as IEEE1394 and, on computers produced by Sony, as iLink.
A high-speed, general purpose serial bus supporting a chain of up to 63 devices.
Operating at a speed of up to 400Mbps it has, to a large degree, been overtaken by USB, which can operate at up to 480 Mbps.
Still the main system used for transfer of video between computers and digital camcorders and some external disk drives also use this interface.

5.3 Thunderbolt

雷電接口

Designed to connect high-performance peripherals and HD video displays via a single port using two communications methods, or protocols, PCI Express for data transfer and DisplayPort for displays.
Data transfer rates provided by thunderbolt is 20 times faster than the USB 2.0 standard and 12 times faster than FireWire 800.
With Thunderbolt, you can also daisy-chain up to six devices, including a display, without the need for a hub, and also provides 10 watts of power to peripherals.

5.4 HDMI

高清多媒體接口 High-Definition Multimedia Interface

The first industry-supported uncompressed, all-digital audio/video proprietary interface.
It is a single cable and user-friendly connector that replaces the maze of cabling behind the home entertainment center.
Provides an interface between any audio/video source, such as a set-top box, DVD player, or A/V receiver and an audio and/or video monitor, such as a digital television (DTV), over a single cable.
HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video, plus multi-channel digital audio on a single cable.
It transmits all ATSC HDTV standards and supports 8-channel digital audio with bandwidth to spare to accommodate future enhancements and requirements.
HDMI was defined to carry 8 channels, of 192kHz, 24-bit uncompressed audio, which exceeds all current consumer media formats.
HDMI can carry any flavor of compressed audio format such as Dolby or DTS.
HDMI has the capacity to support existing high-definition video formats such as 720p, 1080i, and 1080p, along with support of enhanced definition formats like 480p, as well as standard definition formats such as NTSC or PAL.

5.5 DisplayPort

顯示端口

DisplayPort (DP) is an audio/video (A/V) display interface used to connect a video source to a display device.
You can connect a computer monitor to the PC using the DisplayPort.
DisplayPort primarily replaces older interface technologies, including VGA and DVI.
The interface is typically found on tablets, notebooks, and desktop computers and monitors. The display interface is also included on some digital televisions but is more often associated with devices related to computing and digital consumer electronics (CE).

6.1 Mouse

鼠標

A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen.
A small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit like a mouse, its connecting wire that one can imagine to be the mouse’s tail, and the fact that one must make it scurry along a surface. As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction.

6.2 Monitor

顯示屏

a television screen used to show particular kinds of information; a screen that shows information from a computer。

6.3 Touch Screen

觸摸屏

a computer screen which allows you to give instructions to the computer by touching areas on it.

6.4 Keyboard

鍵盤

A keyboard is defined as the set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer or other devices. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriters but contain additional typing keys.