一、redis介紹html
redis是一個key-value存儲系統。和Memcached相似,它支持存儲的value類型相對更多,包括string(字符串)、list(鏈表)、set(集合)、zset(sorted set --有序集合)和hashs(哈希類型)。這些數據類型都支持push/pop、add/remove及取交集並集和差集及更豐富的操做,並且這些操做都是原子性的。在此基礎上,redis支持各類不一樣方式的排序。與memcached同樣,爲了保證效率,數據都是緩存在內存中。區別的是redis會週期性的把更新的數據寫入磁盤或者把修改操做寫入追加的記錄文件,而且在此基礎上實現了master-slave(主從)同步。git
Redis 是一個高性能的key-value數據庫。 redis的出現,很大程度補償了memcached這類key/value存儲的不足,在部分場合能夠對關係數據庫起到很好的補充做用。它提供了Python,Ruby,Erlang,PHP客戶端,使用很方便。github
二、windows下安裝redis
下載地址https://github.com/dmajkic/redis/downloads。下載到的Redis支持32bit和64bit。根據本身實際狀況選擇,我選擇32bit。把32bit文件內容拷貝到須要安裝的目錄下,好比:D:\dev\redis-2.4.5。redis
打開一個cmd窗口,使用cd命令切換到指定目錄(D:\dev\redis-2.4.5)運行 redis-server.exe redis.conf 。運行之後出現以下界面。
這就說明Redis服務端已經安裝成功。算法
從新打開一個cmd窗口,使用cd命令切換到指定目錄(D:\dev\redis-2.4.5)運行 redis-cli.exe -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379,其中 127.0.0.1是本地ip,6379是redis服務端的默認端口。運行成功以下圖所示。
這樣,Redis windows環境下搭建已經完成,是否是很簡單。
這樣,Redis windows環境下搭建已經完成,是否是很簡單。數據庫
環境已經搭建好,總得測試下吧。好比:存儲一個key爲test,value爲hello word的字符串,而後獲取key值。
正確輸出 hell word,測試成功!express
1. Redis默認不是以守護進程的方式運行,能夠經過該配置項修改,使用yes啓用守護進程windows
daemonize nopromise
2. 當Redis以守護進程方式運行時,Redis默認會把pid寫入/var/run/redis.pid文件,能夠經過pidfile指定緩存
pidfile /var/run/redis.pid
3. 指定Redis監聽端口,默認端口爲6379,做者在本身的一篇博文中解釋了爲何選用6379做爲默認端口,由於6379在手機按鍵上MERZ對應的號碼,而MERZ取自意大利歌女Alessia Merz的名字
port 6379
4. 綁定的主機地址
bind 127.0.0.1
5.當 客戶端閒置多長時間後關閉鏈接,若是指定爲0,表示關閉該功能
timeout 300
6. 指定日誌記錄級別,Redis總共支持四個級別:debug、verbose、notice、warning,默認爲verbose
loglevel verbose
7. 日誌記錄方式,默認爲標準輸出,若是配置Redis爲守護進程方式運行,而這裏又配置爲日誌記錄方式爲標準輸出,則日誌將會發送給/dev/null
logfile stdout
8. 設置數據庫的數量,默認數據庫爲0,可使用SELECT <dbid>命令在鏈接上指定數據庫id
databases 16
9. 指定在多長時間內,有多少次更新操做,就將數據同步到數據文件,能夠多個條件配合
save <seconds> <changes>
Redis默認配置文件中提供了三個條件:
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
分別表示900秒(15分鐘)內有1個更改,300秒(5分鐘)內有10個更改以及60秒內有10000個更改。
10. 指定存儲至本地數據庫時是否壓縮數據,默認爲yes,Redis採用LZF壓縮,若是爲了節省CPU時間,能夠關閉該選項,但會致使數據庫文件變的巨大
rdbcompression yes
11. 指定本地數據庫文件名,默認值爲dump.rdb
dbfilename dump.rdb
12. 指定本地數據庫存放目錄
dir ./
13. 設置當本機爲slav服務時,設置master服務的IP地址及端口,在Redis啓動時,它會自動從master進行數據同步
slaveof <masterip> <masterport>
14. 當master服務設置了密碼保護時,slav服務鏈接master的密碼
masterauth <master-password>
15. 設置Redis鏈接密碼,若是配置了鏈接密碼,客戶端在鏈接Redis時須要經過AUTH <password>命令提供密碼,默認關閉
requirepass foobared
16. 設置同一時間最大客戶端鏈接數,默認無限制,Redis能夠同時打開的客戶端鏈接數爲Redis進程能夠打開的最大文件描述符數,若是設置 maxclients 0,表示不做限制。當客戶端鏈接數到達限制時,Redis會關閉新的鏈接並向客戶端返回max number of clients reached錯誤信息
maxclients 128
17. 指定Redis最大內存限制,Redis在啓動時會把數據加載到內存中,達到最大內存後,Redis會先嚐試清除已到期或即將到期的Key,當此方法處理 後,仍然到達最大內存設置,將沒法再進行寫入操做,但仍然能夠進行讀取操做。Redis新的vm機制,會把Key存放內存,Value會存放在swap區
maxmemory <bytes>
18. 指定是否在每次更新操做後進行日誌記錄,Redis在默認狀況下是異步的把數據寫入磁盤,若是不開啓,可能會在斷電時致使一段時間內的數據丟失。由於 redis自己同步數據文件是按上面save條件來同步的,因此有的數據會在一段時間內只存在於內存中。默認爲no
appendonly no
19. 指定更新日誌文件名,默認爲appendonly.aof
appendfilename appendonly.aof
20. 指定更新日誌條件,共有3個可選值:
no:表示等操做系統進行數據緩存同步到磁盤(快)
always:表示每次更新操做後手動調用fsync()將數據寫到磁盤(慢,安全)
everysec:表示每秒同步一次(折衷,默認值)
appendfsync everysec
21. 指定是否啓用虛擬內存機制,默認值爲no,簡單的介紹一下,VM機制將數據分頁存放,由Redis將訪問量較少的頁即冷數據swap到磁盤上,訪問多的頁面由磁盤自動換出到內存中(在後面的文章我會仔細分析Redis的VM機制)
vm-enabled no
22. 虛擬內存文件路徑,默認值爲/tmp/redis.swap,不可多個Redis實例共享
vm-swap-file /tmp/redis.swap
23. 將全部大於vm-max-memory的數據存入虛擬內存,不管vm-max-memory設置多小,全部索引數據都是內存存儲的(Redis的索引數據 就是keys),也就是說,當vm-max-memory設置爲0的時候,實際上是全部value都存在於磁盤。默認值爲0
vm-max-memory 0
24. Redis swap文件分紅了不少的page,一個對象能夠保存在多個page上面,但一個page上不能被多個對象共享,vm-page-size是要根據存儲的 數據大小來設定的,做者建議若是存儲不少小對象,page大小最好設置爲32或者64bytes;若是存儲很大大對象,則可使用更大的page,若是不 肯定,就使用默認值
vm-page-size 32
25. 設置swap文件中的page數量,因爲頁表(一種表示頁面空閒或使用的bitmap)是在放在內存中的,,在磁盤上每8個pages將消耗1byte的內存。
vm-pages 134217728
26. 設置訪問swap文件的線程數,最好不要超過機器的核數,若是設置爲0,那麼全部對swap文件的操做都是串行的,可能會形成比較長時間的延遲。默認值爲4
vm-max-threads 4
27. 設置在向客戶端應答時,是否把較小的包合併爲一個包發送,默認爲開啓
glueoutputbuf yes
28. 指定在超過必定的數量或者最大的元素超過某一臨界值時,採用一種特殊的哈希算法
hash-max-zipmap-entries 64
hash-max-zipmap-value 512
29. 指定是否激活重置哈希,默認爲開啓(後面在介紹Redis的哈希算法時具體介紹)
activerehashing yes
30. 指定包含其它的配置文件,能夠在同一主機上多個Redis實例之間使用同一份配置文件,而同時各個實例又擁有本身的特定配置文件
include /path/to/local.conf
# Redis configuration file example # Note on units: when memory size is needed, it is possible to specifiy # it in the usual form of 1k 5GB 4M and so forth: # # 1k => 1000 bytes # 1kb => 1024 bytes # 1m => 1000000 bytes # 1mb => 1024*1024 bytes # 1g => 1000000000 bytes # 1gb => 1024*1024*1024 bytes # # units are case insensitive so 1GB 1Gb 1gB are all the same. # By default Redis does not run as a daemon. Use 'yes' if you need it. # Note that Redis will write a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid when daemonized. daemonize no # When running daemonized, Redis writes a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid by # default. You can specify a custom pid file location here. pidfile /var/run/redis.pid # Accept connections on the specified port, default is 6379. # If port 0 is specified Redis will not listen on a TCP socket. port 9001 # If you want you can bind a single interface, if the bind option is not # specified all the interfaces will listen for incoming connections. # # bind 127.0.0.1 # Specify the path for the unix socket that will be used to listen for # incoming connections. There is no default, so Redis will not listen # on a unix socket when not specified. # # unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock # unixsocketperm 755 # Close the connection after a client is idle for N seconds (0 to disable) timeout 0 # Set server verbosity to 'debug' # it can be one of: # debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing) # verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level) # notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably) # warning (only very important / critical messages are logged) loglevel verbose # Specify the log file name. Also 'stdout' can be used to force # Redis to log on the standard output. Note that if you use standard # output for logging but daemonize, logs will be sent to /dev/null logfile stdout # To enable logging to the system logger, just set 'syslog-enabled' to yes, # and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs. # syslog-enabled no # Specify the syslog identity. # syslog-ident redis # Specify the syslog facility. Must be USER or between LOCAL0-LOCAL7. # syslog-facility local0 # Set the number of databases. The default database is DB 0, you can select # a different one on a per-connection basis using SELECT <dbid> where # dbid is a number between 0 and 'databases'-1 databases 16 ################################ SNAPSHOTTING ################################# # # Save the DB on disk: # # save <seconds> <changes> # # Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given # number of write operations against the DB occurred. # # In the example below the behaviour will be to save: # after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed # after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed # after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed # # Note: you can disable saving at all commenting all the "save" lines. save 900 1 save 300 10 save 60 10000 # Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases? # For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win. # If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but # the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys. rdbcompression yes # The filename where to dump the DB dbfilename dump.rdb # The working directory. # # The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified # above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive. # # Also the Append Only File will be created inside this directory. # # Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name. dir ./ ################################# REPLICATION ################################# # Master-Slave replication. Use slaveof to make a Redis instance a copy of # another Redis server. Note that the configuration is local to the slave # so for example it is possible to configure the slave to save the DB with a # different interval, or to listen to another port, and so on. # #slaveof 127.0.0.1 6379 # If the master is password protected (using the "requirepass" configuration # directive below) it is possible to tell the slave to authenticate before # starting the replication synchronization process, otherwise the master will # refuse the slave request. # # masterauth <master-password> # When a slave lost the connection with the master, or when the replication # is still in progress, the slave can act in two different ways: # # 1) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'yes' (the default) the slave will # still reply to client requests, possibly with out of data data, or the # data set may just be empty if this is the first synchronization. # # 2) if slave-serve-stale data is set to 'no' the slave will reply with # an error "SYNC with master in progress" to all the kind of commands # but to INFO and SLAVEOF. # slave-serve-stale-data yes # Slaves send PINGs to server in a predefined interval. It's possible to change # this interval with the repl_ping_slave_period option. The default value is 10 # seconds. # # repl-ping-slave-period 10 # The following option sets a timeout for both Bulk transfer I/O timeout and # master data or ping response timeout. The default value is 60 seconds. # # It is important to make sure that this value is greater than the value # specified for repl-ping-slave-period otherwise a timeout will be detected # every time there is low traffic between the master and the slave. # # repl-timeout 60 ################################## SECURITY ################################### # Require clients to issue AUTH <PASSWORD> before processing any other # commands. This might be useful in environments in which you do not trust # others with access to the host running redis-server. # # This should stay commented out for backward compatibility and because most # people do not need auth (e.g. they run their own servers). # # Warning: since Redis is pretty fast an outside user can try up to # 150k passwords per second against a good box. This means that you should # use a very strong password otherwise it will be very easy to break. # # requirepass foobared # Command renaming. # # It is possilbe to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared # environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something # of hard to guess so that it will be still available for internal-use # tools but not available for general clients. # # Example: # # rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52 # # It is also possilbe to completely kill a command renaming it into # an empty string: # # rename-command CONFIG "" ################################### LIMITS #################################### # Set the max number of connected clients at the same time. By default there # is no limit, and it's up to the number of file descriptors the Redis process # is able to open. The special value '0' means no limits. # Once the limit is reached Redis will close all the new connections sending # an error 'max number of clients reached'. # # maxclients 128 # Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes. # When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys with an # EXPIRE set. It will try to start freeing keys that are going to expire # in little time and preserve keys with a longer time to live. # Redis will also try to remove objects from free lists if possible. # # If all this fails, Redis will start to reply with errors to commands # that will use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue # to reply to most read-only commands like GET. # # WARNING: maxmemory can be a good idea mainly if you want to use Redis as a # 'state' server or cache, not as a real DB. When Redis is used as a real # database the memory usage will grow over the weeks, it will be obvious if # it is going to use too much memory in the long run, and you'll have the time # to upgrade. With maxmemory after the limit is reached you'll start to get # errors for write operations, and this may even lead to DB inconsistency. # # maxmemory <bytes> # MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory # is reached? You can select among five behavior: # # volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm # allkeys-lru -> remove any key accordingly to the LRU algorithm # volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set # allkeys->random -> remove a random key, any key # volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL) # noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations # # Note: with all the kind of policies, Redis will return an error on write # operations, when there are not suitable keys for eviction. # # At the date of writing this commands are: set setnx setex append # incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd # sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby # zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby # getset mset msetnx exec sort # # The default is: # # maxmemory-policy volatile-lru # LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated # algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can select as well the sample # size to check. For instance for default Redis will check three keys and # pick the one that was used less recently, you can change the sample size # using the following configuration directive. # # maxmemory-samples 3 ############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ############################### # By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. If you can live # with the idea that the latest records will be lost if something like a crash # happens this is the preferred way to run Redis. If instead you care a lot # about your data and don't want to that a single record can get lost you should # enable the append only mode: when this mode is enabled Redis will append # every write operation received in the file appendonly.aof. This file will # be read on startup in order to rebuild the full dataset in memory. # # Note that you can have both the async dumps and the append only file if you # like (you have to comment the "save" statements above to disable the dumps). # Still if append only mode is enabled Redis will load the data from the # log file at startup ignoring the dump.rdb file. # # IMPORTANT: Check the BGREWRITEAOF to check how to rewrite the append # log file in background when it gets too big. appendonly no # The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof") # appendfilename appendonly.aof # The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk # instead to wait for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush # data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP. # # Redis supports three different modes: # # no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster. # always: fsync after every write to the append only log . Slow, Safest. # everysec: fsync only if one second passed since the last fsync. Compromise. # # The default is "everysec" that's usually the right compromise between # speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to # "no" that will will let the operating system flush the output buffer when # it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of # some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting), # or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than # everysec. # # If unsure, use "everysec". # appendfsync always appendfsync everysec # appendfsync no # When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background # saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is # performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations # Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for # this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block # our synchronous write(2) call. # # In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option # that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a # BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress. # # This means that while another child is saving the durability of Redis is # the same as "appendfsync none", that in pratical terms means that it is # possible to lost up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the # default Linux settings). # # If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as # "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability. no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no # Automatic rewrite of the append only file. # Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling # BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size will growth by the specified percentage. # # This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the # latest rewrite (or if no rewrite happened since the restart, the size of # the AOF at startup is used). # # This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is # bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also # you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this # is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase # is reached but it is still pretty small. # # Specify a precentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF # rewrite feature. auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb ################################## SLOW LOG ################################### # The Redis Slow Log is a system to log queries that exceeded a specified # execution time. The execution time does not include the I/O operations # like talking with the client, sending the reply and so forth, # but just the time needed to actually execute the command (this is the only # stage of command execution where the thread is blocked and can not serve # other requests in the meantime). # # You can configure the slow log with two parameters: one tells Redis # what is the execution time, in microseconds, to exceed in order for the # command to get logged, and the other parameter is the length of the # slow log. When a new command is logged the oldest one is removed from the # queue of logged commands. # The following time is expressed in microseconds, so 1000000 is equivalent # to one second. Note that a negative number disables the slow log, while # a value of zero forces the logging of every command. slowlog-log-slower-than 10000 # There is no limit to this length. Just be aware that it will consume memory. # You can reclaim memory used by the slow log with SLOWLOG RESET. slowlog-max-len 1024 ################################ VIRTUAL MEMORY ############################### ### WARNING! Virtual Memory is deprecated in Redis 2.4 ### The use of Virtual Memory is strongly discouraged. ### WARNING! Virtual Memory is deprecated in Redis 2.4 ### The use of Virtual Memory is strongly discouraged. # Virtual Memory allows Redis to work with datasets bigger than the actual # amount of RAM needed to hold the whole dataset in memory. # In order to do so very used keys are taken in memory while the other keys # are swapped into a swap file, similarly to what operating systems do # with memory pages. # # To enable VM just set 'vm-enabled' to yes, and set the following three # VM parameters accordingly to your needs. vm-enabled no # vm-enabled yes # This is the path of the Redis swap file. As you can guess, swap files # can't be shared by different Redis instances, so make sure to use a swap # file for every redis process you are running. Redis will complain if the # swap file is already in use. # # The best kind of storage for the Redis swap file (that's accessed at random) # is a Solid State Disk (SSD). # # *** WARNING *** if you are using a shared hosting the default of putting # the swap file under /tmp is not secure. Create a dir with access granted # only to Redis user and configure Redis to create the swap file there. vm-swap-file /tmp/redis.swap # vm-max-memory configures the VM to use at max the specified amount of # RAM. Everything that deos not fit will be swapped on disk *if* possible, that # is, if there is still enough contiguous space in the swap file. # # With vm-max-memory 0 the system will swap everything it can. Not a good # default, just specify the max amount of RAM you can in bytes, but it's # better to leave some margin. For instance specify an amount of RAM # that's more or less between 60 and 80% of your free RAM. vm-max-memory 0 # Redis swap files is split into pages. An object can be saved using multiple # contiguous pages, but pages can't be shared between different objects. # So if your page is too big, small objects swapped out on disk will waste # a lot of space. If you page is too small, there is less space in the swap # file (assuming you configured the same number of total swap file pages). # # If you use a lot of small objects, use a page size of 64 or 32 bytes. # If you use a lot of big objects, use a bigger page size. # If unsure, use the default :) vm-page-size 32 # Number of total memory pages in the swap file. # Given that the page table (a bitmap of free/used pages) is taken in memory, # every 8 pages on disk will consume 1 byte of RAM. # # The total swap size is vm-page-size * vm-pages # # With the default of 32-bytes memory pages and 134217728 pages Redis will # use a 4 GB swap file, that will use 16 MB of RAM for the page table. # # It's better to use the smallest acceptable value for your application, # but the default is large in order to work in most conditions. vm-pages 134217728 # Max number of VM I/O threads running at the same time. # This threads are used to read/write data from/to swap file, since they # also encode and decode objects from disk to memory or the reverse, a bigger # number of threads can help with big objects even if they can't help with # I/O itself as the physical device may not be able to couple with many # reads/writes operations at the same time. # # The special value of 0 turn off threaded I/O and enables the blocking # Virtual Memory implementation. vm-max-threads 4 ############################### ADVANCED CONFIG ############################### # Hashes are encoded in a special way (much more memory efficient) when they # have at max a given numer of elements, and the biggest element does not # exceed a given threshold. You can configure this limits with the following # configuration directives. hash-max-zipmap-entries 512 hash-max-zipmap-value 64 # Similarly to hashes, small lists are also encoded in a special way in order # to save a lot of space. The special representation is only used when # you are under the following limits: list-max-ziplist-entries 512 list-max-ziplist-value 64 # Sets have a special encoding in just one case: when a set is composed # of just strings that happens to be integers in radix 10 in the range # of 64 bit signed integers. # The following configuration setting sets the limit in the size of the # set in order to use this special memory saving encoding. set-max-intset-entries 512 # Similarly to hashes and lists, sorted sets are also specially encoded in # order to save a lot of space. This encoding is only used when the length and # elements of a sorted set are below the following limits: zset-max-ziplist-entries 128 zset-max-ziplist-value 64 # Active rehashing uses 1 millisecond every 100 milliseconds of CPU time in # order to help rehashing the main Redis hash table (the one mapping top-level # keys to values). The hash table implementation redis uses (see dict.c) # performs a lazy rehashing: the more operation you run into an hash table # that is rhashing, the more rehashing "steps" are performed, so if the # server is idle the rehashing is never complete and some more memory is used # by the hash table. # # The default is to use this millisecond 10 times every second in order to # active rehashing the main dictionaries, freeing memory when possible. # # If unsure: # use "activerehashing no" if you have hard latency requirements and it is # not a good thing in your environment that Redis can reply form time to time # to queries with 2 milliseconds delay. # # use "activerehashing yes" if you don't have such hard requirements but # want to free memory asap when possible. activerehashing yes ################################## INCLUDES ################################### # Include one or more other config files here. This is useful if you # have a standard template that goes to all redis server but also need # to customize a few per-server settings. Include files can include # other files, so use this wisely. # # include /path/to/local.conf # include /path/to/other.conf