PS: 這些只是我的學習,僅供思路參考,可能會有缺陷,而且都在chrome中測試,不必定適用其餘瀏覽器,並且不考慮IE的,切記!!css
PS: 2018/03/23修改,重整了一下樣式,新增了一些方法原理介紹,html
建議先了解一下基礎知識,實際上算深刻基礎了,隨意門:
想要清晰的明白(一): CSS視覺格式化模型|盒模型|定位方案|BFC
想要清晰的明白(二)CSS 盒模型Block box與Line box前端
基礎配置以下,只是一個基本的父子嵌套元素html5
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childB { width: 50px; height: 50px; } #childA, #childB { background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
由於B是塊狀,因此看不出效果,可是若是不設置寬度其實就默認佔滿全屏
這是最基礎最簡單的寫法css3
#child {margin: 0 auto;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { margin: 0 auto; background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
缺點:chrome
1) 須要設置寬度(包括百分比等非固定寬度也能夠)segmentfault
原理:父元素設置相對定位,子元素設置絕對定位,偏移一側父元素寬度50%,子元素外邊距反向負值調整自身寬度50%。重點是從中能夠看出這個須要知道子元素的寬度;瀏覽器
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; left: 50%; margin-left: -50px;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { position: absolute; left: 50%; margin-left: -50px; background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
缺點:wordpress
1) 須要設置子元素寬度(包括百分比等非固定寬度也能夠)oop
原理:跟上面原理同樣,可是使用了css3的transform屬性能夠自動計算子元素寬度調整
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%);}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { position: absolute; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%); background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
優勢:
1) 不須要知道子元素具體寬度;
缺點:
1) transform,兼容性通常,IE9+;
原理:設置方向值,同時給元素一個對應的高寬,它會自動補全margin,就能保持居中了。具體原理參見上面文章。
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; right: 0; left:0; margin: auto;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { position: absolute; right: 0; left: 0; margin: auto; background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
缺點:
1) 須要設置子元素寬度(包括百分比等非固定寬度也能夠)
原理:Flex是Flexible Box的縮寫,意爲"彈性佈局",用來爲盒狀模型提供最大的靈活性。
隨意門:
Flex 佈局教程:語法篇
Flex 佈局教程:實例篇
#parent { display: flex;//fles佈局 justify-content: center;//主軸上的對齊方式(即水平定位) align-items: flex-start;//交叉軸的起點對齊(即垂直定位),默認stretch,若是項目未設置高度或設爲auto會致使子元素高度佔滿父元素 }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { background-color: green; } #parentA, #parentB { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: flex-start; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
真是前端救星,有了這個能夠無視之前各類詭異屬性實現的居中
優勢:
1) 佈局靈活全面
缺點:
1) align-items默認stretch,若是項目未設置高度或設爲auto會致使子元素高度佔滿父元素
2) 兼容性通常
原理:子元素設置成行內塊狀元素,父元素設置文本居中對齊也能使其生效
#parent{text-align: center;} #child {display: inline-block;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { width: 200px; height: 200px; text-align: center; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { display: inline-block; background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
優勢:
1) 不須要設置子元素具體寬度;
2) 兼容性好,甚至能夠兼容ie六、ie7;
缺點:
1) 由於text-align是繼承樣式,會致使下級全部元素文字生效
原理:table-cell屬性指讓標籤元素以表格單元格的形式呈現,相似於td標籤。而後讓子元素居中
CSS2.1表格模型中的元素,可能不會所有包含在除HTML以外的文檔語言中。這時,那些「丟失」的元素會被模擬出來,從而使得表格模型可以正常工做。全部的表格元素將會自動在自身周圍生成所需的匿名table對象,使其符合table/inline-table、table-row、table- cell的三層嵌套關係。
特徵:
1) 同行等高;
2) 寬度自動調節;
#parent{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;}
缺點:
1) display類型有限制,只有一個元素屬於inline或是inline-block(table-cell也能夠理解爲inline-block水平)水平,其身上的vertical-align屬性纔會起做用。;
2) 父元素不能使用浮動屬性;
3) IE8下須要特殊處理;
4) 這是一個很複雜的屬性組合,下面文章能看的你懷疑人生;
隨意門:
CSS深刻研究:display的恐怖故事解密(1) - inline-block
CSS深刻研究:display的恐怖故事解密(2) - table-cell
大小不固定的圖片、多行文字的水平垂直居中
我所知道的幾種display:table-cell的應用
我對CSS vertical-align的一些理解與認識(一)
CSS vertical-align的深刻理解(二)之text-top篇
CSS深刻理解vertical-align和line-height的基友關係
原優缺點都同上,就再也不重複了:
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; top: 50%; margin-top: -100px;}
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; top: 50%; transform: translate(0,-50%);}
#parent{position: relative;} #child {position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; margin: auto;}
原理:Flex是Flexible Box的縮寫,意爲"彈性佈局",用來爲盒狀模型提供最大的靈活性。上面也提到過它的交叉軸的起點對齊(即垂直定位)align-items;
#parent{display: flex; align-items: center;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { display: flex; align-items: center; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
優勢:
1) 佈局靈活全面
2) 即便不設置寬度也不會默認佔滿全行
缺點:
1) 兼容性通常
#parent { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; } #child { display: inline-block; }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { display: table-cell; width: 200px; height: 200px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background-color: red; } #childA { display: inline-block; width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
優缺點都已經總結過了,並且基本顛覆了父子元素表現形式還影響後代元素的樣式,惟一的優勢只有兼容性好了
#parent { position: relative; } #child { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
雖然代碼量有點多,兼容性有點瑕疵,但仍是至關不錯的
#parent { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> #parentA, #parentB { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: red; } #childA { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #childA, #childB { background-color: green; } </style> </head> <body> <p>子元素固定高寬A</p> <div id="parentA"> <div id="childA">A</div> </div> <p>子元素不定高寬B</p> <div id="parentB"> <div id="childB">B</div> </div> </body> </html>
完美佈局,惟一能限制它的只有瀏覽器了
1) float浮動屬性
原理:經過float浮動屬性讓元素脫離文檔流,後續元素不能定寬,也不能同使用浮動屬性,但能夠根據需求決定是或否使用overflow防止內容溢出
.left { float: left; } .right { overflow: hidden; }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {height: 500px; color: #fff; } .left, .right{height: 100%;} .left{width: 100px; float: left; background-color: pink;} .right{overflow:hidden; background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right">Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。</div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
2) table屬性
原理:經過模擬table表現形式達到效果,根據特性還能省略設置元素高寬就能自行佔滿
.content {display:table; table-layout:fixed; } .left, .right{display:table-cell;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {display:table; table-layout:fixed; height: 500px; color: #fff; } .left, .right{display:table-cell; height: 100%;} .left{width: 100px; background-color: pink;} .right{background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right">Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。</div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
3) flex佈局
原理:Flex 佈局,能夠簡便、完整、響應式地實現各類頁面佈局。
.content {display:flex;} .right{flex:1;}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {display:flex; width:100%; height: 500px; color: #fff; } .left, .right{height: 100%;} .left{width: 100px; background-color: pink;} .right{flex:1; background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right">Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。</div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
基礎結構
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {height: 500px; color: #fff; background-color: green;} .left, .right, .main{height: 100%; float: left;} .left{width: 100px; margin-left: -100%; background-color: pink;} .main{width: 100%; background-color: blue;} .right{width: 100px; margin-left: -100px; background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="main"> When Day Is Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。 </div> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right"></div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
前期主要步驟:
1) content子元素浮動;
2) main寬度滿屏放在首位,中間欄要在瀏覽器中優先展現渲染(這裏我沒太懂有多大區別???);
3) left和right分別用負邊距強行並排;
到目前爲止看起來效果已經知足了,實際left和right這種玩法是覆蓋在main之上的,致使部份內容被遮蓋了;
而後聖盃佈局&雙飛翼佈局的差異就在後續步驟了
聖盃佈局:
4) content加上內邊距padding;
5) left和right使用相對定位偏移;
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {height: 500px; padding: 0 100px; color: #fff; background-color: green;} .left, .right{position: relative; width: 100px;} .left, .right, .main{height: 100%; float: left;} .left{ left: -100px; margin-left: -100%; background-color: pink;} .main{width: 100%; background-color: blue;} .right{right: -100px; margin-left: -100px; background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="main"> When Day Is Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。 </div> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right"></div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
雙飛翼佈局:
4) main加上嵌套元素inner,並設置內邊距;
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {height: 500px; color: #fff; background-color: green;} .left, .right{position: relative; width: 100px;} .left, .right, .main{height: 100%; float: left;} .left{margin-left: -100%; background-color: pink;} .main{width: 100%; background-color: blue;} .right{margin-left: -100px; background-color: black;} .inner{padding: 100px;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="main"> <div class="inner"> When Day Is Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。 </div> </div> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right"></div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
從中能夠看出之間的分歧在於:
聖盃佈局:父元素設置內邊距,子元素設置相對偏移,影響區域從上至下
雙飛翼佈局:目標元素嵌套多層元素,該元素內部設置內邊距,影響區域僅限該元素
flex寫法:
1) contanier設置flex佈局,至少高度滿屏,方向豎直,能夠佔據全屏效果;
2) content 設置flex佈局,方向水平,放大比例1,能夠佔滿寬度;
3) main放大比例1,能夠佔據剩餘空間;
4) left排列順序放前;
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <style> * {margin: 0;padding: 0;} .contanier{display: flex; min-height: 100vh; flex-direction: column;} .header, .footer {height: 60px;} .header{background-color: red;} .footer {background-color: yellow;} .content {display: flex; flex: 1; color: #fff; background-color: green;} .left, .right{width: 100px;} .main{flex: 1;} .left{order: -1; background-color: pink;} .main{background-color: blue;} .right{background-color: black;} </style> </head> <body> <div class="contanier"> <header class="header"></header> <div class="content"> <div class="main"> When Day Is Done 當時光已逝 If the day is done , 假如時光已逝, If birds sing no more . 鳥兒再也不歌唱, If the wind has fiagged tired , 風兒也吹倦了, Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我蓋上, Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黃昏時節你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地, The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又輕輕合上睡蓮的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完,行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污損,人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驅散了旅客的羞愧和困窘, Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty , 使他在你仁慈的夜幕下, And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般煥發生機。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈愛的夜幕下甦醒。 </div> <div class="left"></div> <div class="right"></div> </div> <footer class="footer"></footer> </div> </body> </html>
拋棄顏色形狀等干擾代碼,實際佈局用到的css
.contanier{display: flex; min-height: 100vh; flex-direction: column;} .content {display: flex; flex: 1; color: #fff; background-color: green;} .main{flex: 1;} .left{order: -1;}
全程不須要計算數值,不須要偏移位置,用flex佈局能夠控制方向,比例,順序,自動計算樣式
上面的知識點可讓你應該絕大多數的頁面佈局了,移動端又會涉及更多知識點,隨意門:
viewports剖析