從零搭建和配置OSX開發環境

對於每一名開發者來講，更換系統或者更換電腦的時候，都免不了花上不短的時間去折騰開 發環境的問題。我本人也是三番兩次，深知這個過程的繁瑣。全部，根據我本身以往的經驗， 以及參考一下他人的意見，整理一下關於在Mac下作各類開發的配置，包含Java, Ruby, Vim, git, 數據庫等等。歡迎補充與修正。

 Terminal篇

這篇文章包含配置控制檯環境，包括包管理工具, zsh, Vim, git的安裝配置。

Homebrew, 你不能錯過的包管理工具

包管理工具已經成爲如今操做系統中不可缺乏的一個重要工具了，它能大大減輕軟件安裝的 負擔，節約咱們的時間。Linux中經常使用的有yum和apt-get工具，甚至Windows平臺也 有Chocolatey這樣優秀的工具，OSX平臺天然有它獨有的工具。

在OSX中，有兩款你們經常使用的管理工具：Homebrew或者MacPorts。這兩款工具都是爲了解決同 樣的問題——爲OSX安裝經常使用庫和工具。Homebrew與MacPorts的主要區別是Homebrew不會破壞OSX 原生的環境，這也是我推薦Homebrew的主要緣由。同時它安裝的全部文件都是在用戶獨立空間內 的，這讓你安裝的全部軟件對於該用戶來講都是能夠訪問的，不須要使用sudo命令。

在安裝Homebrew前，你須要前往AppStore下載並安裝Xcode.

安裝方式：

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# OSX系統基本上都自帶Ruby1.9 # 因此無需先安裝Ruby，可是以後咱們須要管理Ruby ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

Homebrew經常使用命令：

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brew list # 查看已經安裝的包 brew update # 更新Homebrew自身 brew doctor # 診斷關於Homebrew的問題(Homebrew 有問題時請用它) brew cleanup # 清理老版本軟件包或者無用的文件 brew show ${formula} # 查看包信息 brew search ${formula} # 按名稱搜索 brew upgrade ${formula} # 升級軟件包 brew install ${formula} # 按名稱安裝 brew uninstall ${formula} # 按名稱卸載 brew pin/unpin ${formula} # 鎖定或者解鎖軟件包版本，防止誤升級

zsh，好用的shell

Shell程序就是Linux/UNIX系統中的一層外殼，幾乎全部的應用程序均可以運行在Shell環境 下，經常使用的有bash, csh, zcsh等。在/etc/shells文件中能夠查看系統中的各類shell。

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cat /etc/shells # List of acceptable shells for chpass(1). # Ftpd will not allow users to connect who are not using # one of these shells. /bin/bash /bin/csh /bin/ksh /bin/sh /bin/tcsh /bin/zsh

而zsh是OSX系統原生的shell之一，其功能強大，語法相對於bash更加友好和強大，因此推薦 使用zsh做爲默認的shell。

1 2	# 切換zsh爲默認shell chsh -s $(which zsh)

若是你想使用最新的zsh，你可使用Homebrew，此方法也會保留原生的zsh，防止你在某個 時刻須要它。

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# 查看最新zsh信息 brew info zsh # 安裝zsh brew install --disable-etcdir zsh # 添加shell路徑至/etc/shells文件中 # 將 /usr/local/bin/zsh 添加到下面文件中 sudo vim /etc/shells # 更換默認shell chsh -s /usr/local/bin/zsh

下面貼上個人zsh配置以供參考

個人zsh配置 (zshrc)download

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# modify the prompt to contain git branch name if applicable git_prompt_info() { ref=$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2> /dev/null) if [[ -n $ref ]]; then echo " %{$fg_bold[green]%}${ref#refs/heads/}%{$reset_color%}" fi } setopt promptsubst export PS1='${SSH_CONNECTION+"%{$fg_bold[green]%}%n@%m:"}%{$fg_bold[blue]%}%c%{$reset_color%}$(git_prompt_info) %# ' # load our own completion functions fpath=(~/.zsh/completion $fpath) # completion autoload -U compinit compinit # load custom executable functions for function in ~/.zsh/functions/*; do source $function done # makes color constants available autoload -U colors colors # enable colored output from ls, etc export CLICOLOR=1 # history settings setopt hist_ignore_all_dups inc_append_history HISTFILE=~/.zhistory HISTSIZE=4096 SAVEHIST=4096 # awesome cd movements from zshkit setopt autocd autopushd pushdminus pushdsilent pushdtohome cdablevars DIRSTACKSIZE=5 # Enable extended globbing setopt extendedglob # Allow [ or ] whereever you want unsetopt nomatch # vi mode bindkey -v bindkey "^F" vi-cmd-mode bindkey jj vi-cmd-mode # handy keybindings bindkey "^A" beginning-of-line bindkey "^E" end-of-line bindkey "^R" history-incremental-search-backward bindkey "^P" history-search-backward bindkey "^Y" accept-and-hold bindkey "^N" insert-last-word bindkey -s "^T" "^[Isudo ^[A" # "t" for "toughguy" # use vim as the visual editor export VISUAL=vim export EDITOR=$VISUAL # load rbenv if available if which rbenv &>/dev/null ; then eval "$(rbenv init - --no-rehash)" fi # load thoughtbot/dotfiles scripts export PATH="$HOME/.bin:$PATH" # mkdir .git/safe in the root of repositories you trust export PATH=".git/safe/../../bin:$PATH" # aliases [[ -f ~/.aliases ]] && source ~/.aliases # Local config [[ -f ~/.zshrc.local ]] && source ~/.zshrc.local

好用的編輯器 Vim

對於Vim，無需溢美之詞，做爲與emacs並列的兩大編輯器，早已經被無數人奉爲經典。而它卻 又以超長的學習曲線，使得不少人望而卻步。長久以來，雖然擁有大量的插件，卻缺乏一個 確之有效的插件管理器。所幸，Vundle的出現解決了這個問題。

Vundle可讓你在配置文件中管理插件，而且很是方便的查找、安裝、更新或者刪除插件。 還能夠幫你自動配置插件的執行路徑和生成幫助文件。相對於另一個管理工具pathogen， 能夠說有着巨大的優點。

1 2	# vundle 安裝和配置 git clone https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim

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" 將下面配置文件加入到.vimrc文件中 set nocompatible " 必須 filetype off " 必須 " 將Vundle加入運行時路徑中(Runtime path) set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim call vundle#begin() " 使用Vundle管理插件，必須 Plugin 'gmarik/Vundle.vim' " " 其餘插件 " call vundle#end() " 必須 filetype plugin indent on " 必須

最後，你只須要執行安裝命令，便可以安裝好所需的插件。

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# 在vim中 :PluginInstall # 在終端 vim +PluginInstall +qall

下面列出個人Vim插件和配置

Vim插件 (vimrc.bundles)download

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if &compatible set nocompatible end filetype off set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/ call vundle#rc() " Let Vundle manage Vundle Bundle 'gmarik/vundle' " Define bundles via Github repos Bundle 'christoomey/vim-run-interactive' Bundle 'croaky/vim-colors-github' Bundle 'danro/rename.vim' Bundle 'kchmck/vim-coffee-script' Bundle 'kien/ctrlp.vim' Bundle 'pbrisbin/vim-mkdir' Bundle 'scrooloose/syntastic' Bundle 'slim-template/vim-slim' Bundle 'thoughtbot/vim-rspec' Bundle 'tpope/vim-bundler' Bundle 'tpope/vim-endwise' Bundle 'tpope/vim-fugitive' Bundle 'tpope/vim-rails' Bundle 'tpope/vim-surround' Bundle 'vim-ruby/vim-ruby' Bundle 'vim-scripts/ctags.vim' Bundle 'vim-scripts/matchit.zip' Bundle 'vim-scripts/tComment' Bundle "mattn/emmet-vim" Bundle "scrooloose/nerdtree" Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-powerline" Bundle "godlygeek/tabular" Bundle "msanders/snipmate.vim" Bundle "jelera/vim-javascript-syntax" Bundle "altercation/vim-colors-solarized" Bundle "othree/html5.vim" Bundle "xsbeats/vim-blade" Bundle "Raimondi/delimitMate" Bundle "groenewege/vim-less" Bundle "evanmiller/nginx-vim-syntax" Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-easymotion" Bundle "tomasr/molokai" if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles.local")) source ~/.vimrc.bundles.local endif filetype on

Vim配置 (vimrc)download

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" Use Vim settings, rather then Vi settings. This setting must be as early as " possible, as it has side effects. set nocompatible " Highlight current line au WinLeave * set nocursorline nocursorcolumn au WinEnter * set cursorline cursorcolumn set cursorline cursorcolumn " Leader let mapleader = "," set backspace=2 " Backspace deletes like most programs in insert mode set nobackup set nowritebackup set noswapfile " http://robots.thoughtbot.com/post/18739402579/global-gitignore#comment-458413287 set history=50 set ruler " show the cursor position all the time set showcmd " display incomplete commands set incsearch " do incremental searching set laststatus=2 " Always display the status line set autowrite " Automatically :write before running commands set confirm " Need confrimation while exit set fileencodings=utf-8,gb18030,gbk,big5 " Switch syntax highlighting on, when the terminal has colors " Also switch on highlighting the last used search pattern. if (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running")) && !exists("syntax_on") syntax on endif if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles")) source ~/.vimrc.bundles endif filetype plugin indent on augroup vimrcEx autocmd! " When editing a file, always jump to the last known cursor position. " Don't do it for commit messages, when the position is invalid, or when " inside an event handler (happens when dropping a file on gvim). autocmd BufReadPost * \ if &ft != 'gitcommit' && line("'\"") > 0 && line("'\"") <= line("$") | \ exe "normal g`\"" | \ endif " Cucumber navigation commands autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand step features/step_definitions -glob=**/* -suffix=_steps.rb autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand config config -glob=**/* -suffix=.rb -default=routes " Set syntax highlighting for specific file types autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile Appraisals set filetype=ruby autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md set filetype=markdown " Enable spellchecking for Markdown autocmd FileType markdown setlocal spell " Automatically wrap at 80 characters for Markdown autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md setlocal textwidth=80 augroup END " Softtabs, 2 spaces set tabstop=2 set shiftwidth=2 set shiftround set expandtab " Display extra whitespace set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:· " Use The Silver Searcher https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher if executable('ag') " Use Ag over Grep set grepprg=ag\ --nogroup\ --nocolor " Use ag in CtrlP for listing files. Lightning fast and respects .gitignore let g:ctrlp_user_command = 'ag %s -l --nocolor -g ""' " ag is fast enough that CtrlP doesn't need to cache let g:ctrlp_use_caching = 0 endif " Color scheme colorscheme molokai highlight NonText guibg=#060606 highlight Folded guibg=#0A0A0A guifg=#9090D0 " Make it obvious where 80 characters is set textwidth=80 set colorcolumn=+1 " Numbers set number set numberwidth=5 " Tab completion " will insert tab at beginning of line, " will use completion if not at beginning set wildmode=list:longest,list:full function! InsertTabWrapper() let col = col('.') - 1 if !col || getline('.')[col - 1] !~ '\k' return "\<tab>" else return "\<c-p>" endif endfunction inoremap <Tab> <c-r>=InsertTabWrapper()<cr> inoremap <S-Tab> <c-n> " Exclude Javascript files in :Rtags via rails.vim due to warnings when parsing let g:Tlist_Ctags_Cmd="ctags --exclude='*.js'" " Index ctags from any project, including those outside Rails map <Leader>ct :!ctags -R .<CR> " Switch between the last two files nnoremap <leader><leader> <c-^> " Get off my lawn nnoremap <Left> :echoe "Use h"<CR> nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR> nnoremap <Up> :echoe "Use k"<CR> nnoremap <Down> :echoe "Use j"<CR> " vim-rspec mappings nnoremap <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR> nnoremap <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR> nnoremap <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR> " Run commands that require an interactive shell nnoremap <Leader>r :RunInInteractiveShell<space> " Treat <li> and <p> tags like the block tags they are let g:html_indent_tags = 'li\|p' " Open new split panes to right and bottom, which feels more natural set splitbelow set splitright " Quicker window movement nnoremap <C-j> <C-w>j nnoremap <C-k> <C-w>k nnoremap <C-h> <C-w>h nnoremap <C-l> <C-w>l " configure syntastic syntax checking to check on open as well as save let g:syntastic_check_on_open=1 let g:syntastic_html_tidy_ignore_errors=[" proprietary attribute \"ng-"] autocmd Syntax javascript set syntax=jquery " JQuery syntax support set matchpairs+=<:> set statusline+=%{fugitive#statusline()} " Git Hotness " Nerd Tree let NERDChristmasTree=0 let NERDTreeWinSize=40 let NERDTreeChDirMode=2 let NERDTreeIgnore=['\~$', '\.pyc$', '\.swp$'] let NERDTreeShowBookmarks=1 let NERDTreeWinPos="right" autocmd vimenter * if !argc() | NERDTree | endif " Automatically open a NERDTree if no files where specified autocmd bufenter * if (winnr("$") == 1 && exists("b:NERDTreeType") && b:NERDTreeType == "primary") | q | endif " Close vim if the only window left open is a NERDTree nmap <F5> :NERDTreeToggle<cr> " Emmet let g:user_emmet_mode='i' " enable for insert mode " Search results high light set hlsearch " nohlsearch shortcut nmap -hl :nohlsearch<cr> nmap +hl :set hlsearch<cr> " Javascript syntax hightlight syntax enable " ctrap set wildignore+=*/tmp/*,*.so,*.swp,*.zip " MacOSX/Linux" let g:ctrlp_custom_ignore = '\v[\/]\.(git|hg|svn)$' nnoremap <leader>w :w<CR> nnoremap <leader>q :q<CR> " RSpec.vim mappings map <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR> map <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR> map <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR> map <Leader>a :call RunAllSpecs()<CR> " Vim-instant-markdown doesn't work in zsh set shell=bash\ -i " Snippets author let g:snips_author = 'Yuez' " Local config if filereadable($HOME . "/.vimrc.local") source ~/.vimrc.local endif

新世代的版本管理工具 git

Git是一個分散式版本控制軟件。最初的目的是爲了更好的管理Linux內核開發而設計。與CVS、 Subversion等集中式版本控制軟件不一樣，Git不須要服務器端軟件就能夠發揮版本控制的做用。 使得代碼的維護和發佈變得很是方便。

Git庫目錄結構

• hooks : 存儲鉤子文件夾
• logs : 存儲日誌文件夾
• refs : 存儲指向各個分支指針的(SHA-1)的文件夾
• objects : 存儲git對象
• config : 存儲配置文件
• HEAD : 指向當前分支的指針文件路徑

1 2	# 安裝git brew install git

Git安裝完畢後，只須要使用git config簡單配置下用戶名和郵箱就可使用了。

• Git中文簡易指南
• Git官網幫助

爲了使Git更好用，對Git作一些配置，.gitconfig文件中能夠設置自定義命令等，.gitignore 文件是默認被忽略版本管理的文件。

(gitconfig)download

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[push] default = current [color] ui = auto [alias] aa = add --all ap = add --patch ca = commit --amend ci = commit -v co = checkout br = branch create-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin HEAD:refs/heads/$1 && git fetch origin && git branch --track $1 origin/$1 && cd . && git checkout $1' - delete-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin :refs/heads/$1 && git branch -D $1' - merge-branch = !git checkout master && git merge @{-1} pr = !hub pull-request st = status up = !git fetch origin && git rebase origin/master [core] excludesfile = ~/.gitignore autocrlf = input [merge] ff = only [include] path = .gitconfig.local [commit] template = ~/.gitmessage [fetch] prune = true [user] name = zgs225 email = zgs225@gmail.com [credential] helper = osxkeychain [github] user = zgs225

(gitignore)download

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*.DS_Store *.sw[nop] .bundle .env db/*.sqlite3 log/*.log rerun.txt tags tmp/**/* !tmp/cache/.keep

自動集成 ternimal 環境

感謝thoughtbot組織發佈的開源項目，可 以輕鬆的完成上述配置。這是我fork項目的地址(https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles)， 歡迎fork並完善成屬於你本身的配置。

安裝步驟：

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# 更改成zsh, 詳細參考上面zsh部分 chsh -s $(which zsh) # clone 源碼 git clone https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles.git # 安裝rcm brew tap thoughtbot/formulae brew install rcm # 安裝上述環境而且完成配置 rcup -d dotfiles -x README.md -x LICENSE -x Brewfile

 語言篇

編程語言五花八門，它們各自的版本也是萬別千差。各類語言之間或多或少都存在着向前， 或者向後的不兼容。由於版本不兼容致使的bug也是格外的招人煩。因此，在語言篇這篇，也 是側重與到編程語言版本管理已經環境控制。

簡潔優美的類Lisp語言 Ruby

以Ruby做爲語言篇的開篇，足以看得出來我對Ruby的喜好。雖然它有着這樣或者那樣使人詬 病的缺點，不過做爲讓我體會到Web世界美妙的第一門語言，我對Ruby一直有着別樣的感情。

目前，Ruby的經常使用版本是1.9，2.1和最新的2.2。最新版本並非徹底向後兼容，因此若是你 的電腦中存在着老版本的Ruby項目，這時候又想切換到新版本中來，那可就頭疼了。好在， 有像rvm和rbenv這樣的Ruby版本管理軟件。它們各有優劣，而我喜歡更爲自動化的rvm。

一個完整的Ruby環境包括Ruby解釋器、安裝的RubyGems以及它們的文檔。rvm用gemsets的 概念，爲每個版本的Ruby提供一個獨立的RubyGems環境。能夠很方便的在不一樣的Ruby環境 中切換而不相互影響。

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# 安裝rvm # 設置mpapis公鑰 gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3 # 安裝穩定版rvm \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

因爲網絡緣由，能夠將rvm的Ruby安裝源修改成國內淘寶的Ruby鏡像服務器。 該鏡像服務器15分鐘以此更新，儘可能保證與官方同步。這樣能提升安裝速度。

1 2	# 出自 http://ruby.taobao.org sed -i .bak 's!cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby!ruby.taobao.org/mirrors/ruby!' $rvm_path/config/db

推薦一篇關於rvm的文章: https://ruby-china.org/wiki/rvm-guide

一樣，因爲網絡緣由，須要將RubyGems的安裝源修改到鏡像服務器上。

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# 切換源 gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/ gem sources -a https://ruby.taobao.org/ # 查看源列表 gem sources -l *** CURRENT SOURCES *** https://rubygems.org/

以上，你就擁有了一個相對溫馨的Ruby開發環境，不用爲版本和網絡問題發愁。啊！天空都 清淨了。

http://yuez.me/cong-ling-da-jian-he-pei-zhi-osxkai-fa-huan-jing/