Guava工具類學習
1、概述html
Guava是對Java API的補充,對Java開發中經常使用功能進行更優雅的實現,使得編碼更加輕鬆,代碼容易理解。Guava使用了多種設計模式,同時通過了不少測試,獲得了愈來愈多開發團隊的青睞。Java最新版本的API採納了Guava的部分功能,但依舊沒法替代。本文以Getting Started With Google Guava原文爲學習材料,對Guava中經常使用的API進行學習,儘可能覆蓋比較有用的API,包括字符串處理,集合類處理,文件IO處理等。
2、字符串鏈接器Joiner
2.1 鏈接多個字符串並追加到StringBuilderjava
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("hello");
// 字符串鏈接器,以|爲分隔符,同時去掉null元素
Joiner joiner1 = Joiner.on("|").skipNulls();
// 構成一個字符串foo|bar|baz並添加到stringBuilder
stringBuilder = joiner1.appendTo(stringBuilder, "foo", "bar", null, "baz");
System.out.println(stringBuilder); // hellofoo|bar|bazshell
2.2 鏈接List元素並寫到文件流編程
FileWriter fileWriter = null;
try{
fileWriter = new FileWriter(new File("/home/gzx/Documents/tmp.txt"));
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
List<Date> dateList = new ArrayList<Date>();
dateList.add(new Date());
dateList.add(null);
dateList.add(new Date());
// 構造鏈接器:若是有null元素,替換爲no string
Joiner joiner2 = Joiner.on("#").useForNull("no string");
try{
// 將list的元素的tostring()寫到fileWriter,是否覆蓋取決於fileWriter的打開方式,默認是覆蓋,如有true,則是追加
joiner2.appendTo(fileWriter, dateList);
// 必須添加close(),不然不會寫文件
fileWriter.close();
}
catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}設計模式
最後tmp.txt的內容爲:
Tue Dec 20 16:51:09 CST 2016#no string#Tue Dec 20 16:51:09 CST 2016
2.3 將Map轉化爲字符串數組
Map<String, String> testMap = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
testMap.put("Cookies", "12332");
testMap.put("Content-Length", "30000");
testMap.put("Date", "2016.12.16");
testMap.put("Mime", "text/html");
// 用:分割鍵值對,並用#分割每一個元素,返回字符串
String returnedString = Joiner.on("#").withKeyValueSeparator(":").join(testMap);
System.out.println(returnedString); // Cookies:12332#Content-Length:30000#Date:2016.12.16#Mime:text/htmlapp
3、 字符串分割器Splitter
3.1 將字符串分割爲Iterableless
// 分割符爲|,並去掉獲得元素的先後空白
Splitter sp = Splitter.on("|").trimResults();
String str = "hello | world | your | Name ";
Iterable<String> ss = sp.split(str);
for(String it : ss){
System.out.println(it);
}ide
結果爲:
hello
world
your
Name
3.2 將字符串轉化爲Map函數
// 內部類的引用,獲得分割器,將字符串解析爲map
Splitter.MapSplitter ms = Splitter.on("#").withKeyValueSeparator(':');
Map<String, String> ret = ms.split(returnedString);
for(String it2 : ret.keySet()){
System.out.println(it2 + " -> " + ret.get(it2));
}
結果爲:
Cookies -> 12332
Content-Length -> 30000
Date -> 2016.12.16
Mime -> text/html
4、 字符串工具類Strings
System.out.println(Strings.isNullOrEmpty("")); // true
System.out.println(Strings.isNullOrEmpty(null)); // true
System.out.println(Strings.isNullOrEmpty("hello")); // false
// 將null轉化爲""
System.out.println(Strings.nullToEmpty(null)); // ""
// 從尾部不斷補充T只到總共8個字符,若是源字符串已經達到或操做,則原樣返回。相似的有padStart
System.out.println(Strings.padEnd("hello", 8, 'T')); // helloTTT
5、字符匹配器CharMatcher
5.1 空白一一替換
// 空白回車換行對應換成一個#,一對一換
String stringWithLinebreaks = "hello world\r\r\ryou are here\n\ntake it\t\t\teasy";
String s6 = CharMatcher.BREAKING_WHITESPACE.replaceFrom(stringWithLinebreaks,'#');
System.out.println(s6); // hello#world###you#are#here##take#it###easy
5.2 連續空白縮成一個字符
// 將全部連在一塊兒的空白回車換行字符換成一個#,倒塌
String tabString = " hello \n\t\tworld you\r\nare here ";
String tabRet = CharMatcher.WHITESPACE.collapseFrom(tabString, '#');
System.out.println(tabRet); // #hello#world#you#are#here#
5.3 去掉先後空白和縮成一個字符
// 在前面的基礎上去掉字符串的先後空白,並將空白換成一個#
String trimRet = CharMatcher.WHITESPACE.trimAndCollapseFrom(tabString, '#');
System.out.println(trimRet);// hello#world#you#are#here
5.4 保留數字
String letterAndNumber = "1234abcdABCD56789";
// 保留數字
String number = CharMatcher.JAVA_DIGIT.retainFrom(letterAndNumber);
System.out.println(number);// 123456789
6、 斷言工具類Preconditions
// 檢查是否爲null,null將拋出異常IllegalArgumentException,且第二個參數爲錯誤消息。
trimRet = null;
//Preconditions.checkNotNull(trimRet, "label can not be null");
int data = 10;
Preconditions.checkArgument(data < 100, "data must be less than 100");
7、對象工具類 Objects
7.1 Objects的toStringHelper和hashCode方法
// Book用Objects的相關方法簡化toString(),hashCode()的實現。
// 用ComparisonChain簡化compareTo()(Comparable接口)方法的實現。
Book book1 = new Book();
book1.setAuthor("Tom");
book1.setTitle("Children King");
book1.setIsbn("11341332443");
System.out.println(book1);
System.out.println(book1.hashCode());
Book book2 = new Book();
book2.setAuthor("Amy");
book2.setTitle("Children King");
book2.setIsbn("111");
System.out.println(book2);
System.out.println(book2.hashCode());
System.out.println(book1.compareTo(book2));
結果爲:
Book{author=Tom, title=Children King, isbn=11341332443, price=0.0}
268414056
Book{author=Amy, title=Children King, isbn=111, price=0.0}
-1726402621
1
7.2 Objects的firstNonNull方法
// 若是第一個爲空,則返回第二個,同時爲null,將拋出NullPointerException異常
String someString = null;
String value = Objects.firstNonNull(someString, "default value");
System.out.println(value); // deafult value
Book.java
class Book implements Comparable<Book>{
private String author;
private String title;
private String publisher;
private String isbn;
private double price;
public String getAuthor() {
return author;
}
public void setAuthor(String author) {
this.author = author;
}
public String getTitle() {
return title;
}
public void setTitle(String title) {
this.title = title;
}
public String getPublisher() {
return publisher;
}
public void setPublisher(String publisher) {
this.publisher = publisher;
}
public String getIsbn() {
return isbn;
}
public void setIsbn(String isbn) {
this.isbn = isbn;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
// 定義第一二關鍵字
@Override
public int compareTo(Book o) {
return ComparisonChain.start().compare(this.title, o.title).compare(this.isbn, o.isbn).result();
}
public String toString(){
return Objects.toStringHelper(this).omitNullValues().add("author", author).add("title", title)
.add("publisher", publisher).add("isbn", isbn).add("price", price).toString();
}
public int hashCode(){
return Objects.hashCode(author, title, publisher, isbn, price);
}
}
8、總體迭代接口FluentIterable
8.1 使用Predicate總體過濾
Person person1 = new Person("Wilma", 30, "F");
Person person2 = new Person("Fred", 32, "M");
Person person3 = new Person("Betty", 32, "F");
Person person4 = new Person("Barney", 33, "M");
List<Person> personList = Lists.newArrayList(person1, person2, person3, person4);
// 過濾年齡大於等於32的person
Iterable<Person> personsFilteredByAge =
FluentIterable.from(personList).filter(new Predicate<Person>() {
@Override
public boolean apply(Person input) {
return input.getAge() > 31;
}
});
// Iterable有一個iterator方法,集合類都有一個Iterator方法
for(Iterator<Person> it = personsFilteredByAge.iterator(); it.hasNext();){
System.out.println(it.next());
}
System.out.println(Iterables.contains(personsFilteredByAge, person2));
結果爲:
Person{name='Fred', sex='M', age=32}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
Person{name='Barney', sex='M', age=33}
true
8.2 使用Function總體替換,將List<Person>轉化爲List<String>
// 將List<Person> 轉化爲 List<String>,數據源爲personList。總體迭代。
List<String> transformPersonList = FluentIterable.from(personList).transform(
new Function<Person, String>(){
@Override
public String apply(Person person) {
// 不定參數,返回String類型
return Joiner.on("#").join(person.getName(), person.getSex(), person.getAge());
}
}
).toList();
for(int i = 0; i < transformPersonList.size(); i++){
System.out.println(transformPersonList.get(i));
}
結果爲:
Wilma#F#30
Fred#M#32
Betty#F#32
Barney#M#33
Person.java
class Person{
private String name;
private String sex;
private int age;
public Person(String name, int age, String sex){
this.name = name;
this.sex = sex;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getSex() {
return sex;
}
public void setSex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", sex='" + sex + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
9、 集合運算工具類Sets
9.1 集合差
// s1 - s2
Set<String> s1 = Sets.newHashSet("1", "2", "3", "4");
Set<String> s2 = Sets.newHashSet("2", "3", "4", "5");
// 獲得第一個集合中有而第二個集合沒有的字符串
Sets.SetView res = Sets.difference(s1, s2);
for(Iterator<String> it = res.iterator(); it.hasNext();){
System.out.println(it.next()); // 1
}
9.2 集合對稱差
Sets.SetView res2 = Sets.symmetricDifference(s1, s2);
for(Object it14 : res2){
System.out.println(it14); // 1 5
}
9.3 集合交
// s1和s2的交集
Sets.SetView<String> res3 = Sets.intersection(s1, s2);
for(String it14 : res3){
System.out.println(it14); // 2 3 4
}
9.4 集合並
// 合併s1和s2
Sets.SetView<String> res4 = Sets.union(s1, s2);
for(String it14 : res4){
System.out.println(it14); // 1 2 3 4 5
}
10、Function和Predicate
10.1 利用Functions將Map轉化爲Function
Map<String, Person> mp = Maps.newHashMap();
mp.put(person1.getName(), person1);
mp.put(person2.getName(), person2);
mp.put(person3.getName(), person3);
mp.put(person4.getName(), person4);
// 將map轉化爲Function,Function的功能是將一個類型轉化爲另外一個類型
Function<String, Person> lookup = Functions.forMap(mp);
// 若是鍵值不存在,則會拋出異常。lookup內部已經有元素
Person tmp = lookup.apply("Betty");
System.out.println(tmp == person3); // true
10.2 Predicate單個判斷
Predicate<Person> agePre = new Predicate<Person>(){
@Override
public boolean apply(Person person) {
return person.getAge() < 32;
}
};
Predicate<Person> namePre = new Predicate<Person>(){
@Override
public boolean apply(Person person) {
return person.getName().equals("Betty");
}
};
// 判斷是否符合條件
System.out.println(agePre.apply(person2)); // false
System.out.println(agePre.apply(person3)); // false
System.out.println(namePre.apply(person2)); // false
System.out.println(namePre.apply(person3)); // true
10.3 Predicates的and運算
// 利用Predicates工具類,同時知足兩個條件成一個predicate
Predicate<Person> both = Predicates.and(agePre, namePre);
System.out.println(both.apply(person1)); // false
System.out.println(both.apply(person3)); // false
10.4 Predicates的or運算
// 至少一個知足組成一個Predicate
Predicate<Person> orPre = Predicates.or(agePre, namePre);
System.out.println(orPre.apply(person2)); // false
10.5 Predicates的compose運算
// 經過鍵name得到值Person,而後檢查Person的age < 32,即agepre.apply(lookup.apply(name)) == true?
// lookup內部已經有集合
Predicate<String> two = Predicates.compose(agePre, lookup);
System.out.println(two.apply("Wilma")); // true
11、 Map工具類Maps
// 將List<Person> 轉化爲Map<String, Person>,其中鍵值對是person.name -> Person
Map<String, Person> myMp = Maps.uniqueIndex(personList.iterator(), new Function<Person, String>(){
// name做爲person的鍵
@Override
public String apply(Person person) {
return person.getName();
}
});
for(String name : myMp.keySet()){
System.out.println(myMp.get(name));
}
結果爲:
Person{name='Wilma', sex='F', age=30}
Person{name='Fred', sex='M', age=32}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
Person{name='Barney', sex='M', age=33}
12、一鍵多值類Multimap
12.1 數組存儲多值類ArrayListMultimap
// 用ArrayList保存,一鍵多值,值不會被覆蓋
ArrayListMultimap<String, String> multimap = ArrayListMultimap.create();
multimap.put("foo", "1");
multimap.put("foo", "2");
multimap.put("foo", "3");
multimap.put("bar", "a");
multimap.put("bar", "a");
multimap.put("bar", "b");
for(String it20 : multimap.keySet()){
// 返回類型List<String>
System.out.println(it20 + " : " + multimap.get(it20));
}
// 返回全部ArrayList的元素個數的和
System.out.println(multimap.size());
結果爲:
bar : [a, a, b]
foo : [1, 2, 3]
6
12.2 HashTable存儲多值類 HashMultimap
//這裏採用HashTable保存
HashMultimap<String, String> hashMultimap = HashMultimap.create();
hashMultimap.put("foo", "1");
hashMultimap.put("foo", "2");
hashMultimap.put("foo", "3");
// 重複的鍵值對值保留一個
hashMultimap.put("bar", "a");
hashMultimap.put("bar", "a");
hashMultimap.put("bar", "b");
for(String it20 : hashMultimap.keySet()){
// 返回類型List<String>
System.out.println(it20 + " : " + hashMultimap.get(it20));
}
// 5
System.out.println(hashMultimap.size());
結果爲:
bar : [a, b]
foo : [1, 2, 3]
5
十3、多鍵類Table
13.1 兩個鍵操做
// 兩個鍵row key和column key,其實就是map中map, map<Integer, map<Integer, String> > mp
HashBasedTable<Integer, Integer, String> table = HashBasedTable.create();
table.put(1, 1, "book");
table.put(1, 2, "turkey");
table.put(2, 2, "apple");
System.out.println(table.get(1, 1)); // book
System.out.println(table.contains(2, 3)); // false
System.out.println(table.containsRow(2)); // true
table.remove(2, 2);
System.out.println(table.get(2, 2)); // null
13.2 獲取一個Map
// 獲取單獨的一個map
Map<Integer, String> row = table.row(1);
Map<Integer, String> column = table.column(2);
System.out.println(row.get(1)); // book
System.out.println(column.get(1)); // turkey
十4、 能夠經過value獲取key的HashBiMap
14.1 value不能夠有相同的key
BiMap<String, String> biMap = HashBiMap.create();
// value能夠做爲Key,即value不能夠有多個對應的值
biMap.put("hello", "world");
biMap.put("123", "tell");
biMap.put("123", "none"); // 覆蓋tell
// biMap.put("abc", "world"); 失敗
// 下面是強制替換第一對
biMap.forcePut("abc", "world");
System.out.println(biMap.size()); // 2
System.out.println(biMap.get("hello"));// null
System.out.println(biMap.get("abc")); // world
System.out.println(biMap.get("123")); // none
14.2 鍵值對互換獲得新的BiMap
// 鍵值對互換
BiMap<String, String> inverseMap = biMap.inverse();
System.out.println(inverseMap.get("world")); // abc
System.out.println(inverseMap.get("tell")); // null
System.out.println(inverseMap.get(null)); // null
十5、不可變集合類ImmutableListMultimap
// 不可變的集合,都有一個Builder內部類。不能夠修改和添加
Multimap<Integer, String> map = new ImmutableListMultimap.Builder<Integer, String>().put(1, "hello")
.putAll(2, "abc", "log", "in").putAll(3, "get", "up").build();
System.out.println(map.get(2)); // [abc, log, in]
十6、 區間工具類Range
// 閉區間
Range<Integer> closedRange = Range.closed(30, 33);
System.out.println(closedRange.contains(30)); // true
System.out.println(closedRange.contains(33)); // true
// 開區間
Range<Integer> openRange = Range.open(30, 33);
System.out.println(openRange.contains(30)); // false
System.out.println(openRange.contains(33)); // false
Function<Person, Integer> ageFunction = new Function<Person, Integer>(){
@Override
public Integer apply(Person person) {
return person.getAge();
}
};
// Range實現了Predicate接口,這裏的第一個參數是Predicate,第二個參數是Function
// ageFunction必須返回整數
Predicate<Person> agePredicate = Predicates.compose(closedRange, ageFunction);
System.out.println(agePredicate.apply(person1)); // person1.age == 30 true
十7、比較器工具類 Ordering
17.1 逆置比較器
// 自定義比較器,嵌入式的比較器,匿名類。注意這裏有兩個person參數,與Comparable的區別
Comparator<Person> ageCmp = new Comparator<Person>(){
// Ints是Guava提供的,遞增
@Override
public int compare(Person o1, Person o2) {
return Ints.compare(o1.getAge(), o2.getAge());
}
};
List<Person> list = Lists.newArrayList(person1, person2, person3, person4);
// 將比較器轉化爲Ordering,獲得比較器ageCmp的相反比較器,遞減
Collections.sort(list, Ordering.from(ageCmp).reverse());
for(Iterator<Person> iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ){
System.out.println(iter.next());
結果爲:
Person{name='Barney', sex='M', age=33}
Person{name='Fred', sex='M', age=32}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
Person{name='Wilma', sex='F', age=30}
17.2 組合多個比較器
// 按照名字排序
Comparator<Person> nameCmp = new Comparator<Person>(){
@Override // 兩個對象,而Comparable是this和一個對象
public int compare(Person o1, Person o2) {
return o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName());
}
};
// 組合兩個比較器,獲得第一二排序關鍵字
// 年齡相同時按照名字排序
Ordering order = Ordering.from(ageCmp).compound(nameCmp);
Collections.sort(list, order);
for(Iterator<Person> iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ){
System.out.println(iter.next());
}
結果爲:
Person{name='Wilma', sex='F', age=30}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
Person{name='Fred', sex='M', age=32}
Person{name='Barney', sex='M', age=33}
17.3 直接獲取最小几個和最大幾個
Ordering order2 = Ordering.from(nameCmp);
// 最小的兩個,無序
System.out.println("least 2...");
List<Person> least = order2.leastOf(personList, 2);
for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++){
System.out.println(least.get(i));
}
// 最大的三個,無序
System.out.println("greatest 3....");
List<Person> great = order2.greatestOf(personList, 3);
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
System.out.println(great.get(i));
}
結果爲:
least 2...
Person{name='Barney', sex='M', age=33}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
greatest 3....
Person{name='Wilma', sex='F', age=30}
Person{name='Fred', sex='M', age=32}
Person{name='Betty', sex='F', age=32}
十8、 文件工具類Files
18.1 複製移動重命名文件
// 文件操做:複製,移動,重命名
File originFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/Program/Java/abc.java");
File copyFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/test.java");
File mvFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/abc.java");
try {
Files.copy(originFile, copyFile);
Files.move(copyFile, mvFile); // 重命名
}
catch(IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
18.2 獲取文件哈希碼
try {
// File,HashFunction
HashCode hashCode = Files.hash(originFile, Hashing.md5());
System.out.println(originFile.getName() + " : " + hashCode);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
結果爲:abc.java : 66721c8573de09bd17bafac125e63e98
18.3 讀取文件流,將文件行轉化爲List
// 讀文件流
int lineNumber = 1;
try {
// 讀出全部的行到list中,去掉\n
List<String> list2 = Files.readLines(mvFile, Charsets.UTF_8);
for(Iterator<String> it = list2.iterator(); it.hasNext();){
System.out.println("line " + lineNumber + ":" + it.next());
lineNumber++;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
結果爲:
line 1:public class test{
line 2: static String str;
line 3: public static void main(String[] args){
line 4:
line 5: System.out.println(str);
line 6: }
line 7:}
18.4 將文件行進行處理,再獲得List
// LineProcessor處理每一行,獲得返回值
/*
內容:
Linux命令行大全,人民郵電出版社
Linux內核徹底註釋,機械工業出版社
Linux命令行和shell腳本編程大全,人民郵電出版社
*/
File bookFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/book.txt");
try {
// 只取書名
List<String> list3 = Files.readLines(bookFile, Charsets.UTF_8, new TitleLineProcessor());
for(Iterator<String> it = list3.iterator(); it.hasNext();){
System.out.println(it.next());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
結果爲:
Linux命令行大全
Linux內核徹底註釋
Linux命令行和shell腳本編程大全
18.5 寫文件流
// 寫文件流
File writeFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/write.txt");
try {
// 沒必要打開或關閉文件流,會自動寫盤
Files.write("hello world!", writeFile, Charsets.UTF_8); // 從新寫
Files.append("你的名字", writeFile, Charsets.UTF_8); // 追加
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
write.txt的內容爲
hello world!你的名字
TitleLineProcessor.java
class TitleLineProcessor implements LineProcessor<List<String>>{
private final static int INDEX = 0;
private final static Splitter splitter = Splitter.on(",");
private List<String> titles = new ArrayList<String>();
// 每一行都會調用這個函數,進而追加成一個list
@Override
public boolean processLine(String s) throws IOException {
// 獲取第一項,並追加到titles
titles.add(Iterables.get(splitter.split(s), INDEX));
return true;
}
// 最終的結果
@Override
public List<String> getResult() {
return titles;
}
}
十9、 讀輸入字節流ByteSource和寫輸出字節流ByteSink
// source是源的意思,封裝輸入流
ByteSource byteSource = Files.asByteSource(writeFile);
try {
byte[] contents1 = byteSource.read();
byte[] contents2 = Files.toByteArray(writeFile); // 兩個方法的做用相同
for(int i = 0; i < contents1.length; i++){
assert(contents1[i] == contents2[i]);
System.out.print(contents1[i] + " ");
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// sink是目的地的意思,封裝輸出流,流會自動關閉
File tmpFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/hello.txt"); // acd
ByteSink byteSink = Files.asByteSink(tmpFile);
try {
byteSink.write(new byte[]{'a', 'c', 'd', '\n'});
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
二10、 編碼工具類BaseEncoding
File pdfFile = new File("/home/gzx/Documents/google.pdf");
BaseEncoding baseEncoding = BaseEncoding.base64();
try {
byte[] content = Files.toByteArray(pdfFile);
String encoded = baseEncoding.encode(content); // 將不可打印的字符串轉化爲能夠打印的字符串A-Za-z0-9/+=,pdf不是純文本文件
System.out.println("encoded:\n" + encoded);
System.out.println(Pattern.matches("[A-Za-z0-9/+=]+", encoded));
// 得到對應的加密字符串,能夠解密,可逆的,獲得原來的字節
byte[] decoded = baseEncoding.decode(encoded);
for(int i = 0; i < content.length; i++){
assert(content[i] == decoded[i]);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
二11、 提醒處理null的類Optional
Optional<Person> optional = Optional.fromNullable(person1); // 容許參數爲null System.out.println(optional.isPresent()); // true System.out.println(optional.get() == person1); // 若是是person1 == null,get將拋出IllegalStateException, true Optional<Person> optional2 = Optional.of(person1); // 不容許參數爲null。若是person1 == null, 將拋出NullPointerException System.out.println(optional2.isPresent()); // true