BFS和隊列

  深度優先搜索(DFS)廣度優先搜索(BFS)是基本的暴力技術,經常使用於解決圖、樹的遍歷問題。

  首先考慮算法思路。以老鼠走迷宮爲例:node

  (1):一隻老鼠走迷宮。它在每一個路口都選擇先走右邊,直到碰壁沒法繼續前進,而後回退一步,這一次走左邊,接着繼續往下走。用這個辦法能走遍全部的路,並且不會重複。這個思路就是DFS。ios

  (2):一羣老鼠走迷宮。假設老鼠是無限多的,這羣老鼠進去後,在每一個路口派出部分老鼠探索沒有走過的路。走某條路的老鼠,若是碰壁沒法前進,就停下;若是到達的路口已經有其餘的老鼠探索過了,也停下。很顯然,全部的道路都會走到,並且不會重複。這個思路就是BFS。c++

  

  A - Red and Black 算法

 

There is a rectangular room, covered with square tiles. Each tile is colored either red or black. A man is standing on a black tile. From a tile, he can move to one of four adjacent tiles. But he can't move on red tiles, he can move only on black tiles.

Write a program to count the number of black tiles which he can reach by repeating the moves described above.

InputThe input consists of multiple data sets. A data set starts with a line containing two positive integers W and H; W and H are the numbers of tiles in the x- and y- directions, respectively. W and H are not more than 20.

There are H more lines in the data set, each of which includes W characters. Each character represents the color of a tile as follows.

'.' - a black tile
'#' - a red tile
'@' - a man on a black tile(appears exactly once in a data set)
OutputFor each data set, your program should output a line which contains the number of tiles he can reach from the initial tile (including itself).
Sample Input數組

6 9
....#.
.....#
......
......
......
......
......
#@...#
.#..#.
11 9
.#.........
.#.#######.
.#.#.....#.
.#.#.###.#.
.#.#..@#.#.
.#.#####.#.
.#.......#.
.#########.
...........
11 6
..#..#..#..
..#..#..#..
..#..#..###
..#..#..#@.
..#..#..#..
..#..#..#..
7 7
..#.#..
..#.#..
###.###
...@...
###.###
..#.#..
..#.#..
0 0

Sample Outputapp

45
59
6
13
  題目大意:「#」至關於不能走的陷阱或牆壁,「.」是能夠走的路。從@點出發,統計所能到達的地點總數

 代碼一:這是初學並查集時硬着頭皮用並查集的算法解決了BFS的問題
 1 #include<iostream>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 const int h = 22;
 5 char map[h][h];
 6 int  key[h*h];
 7 int rrank[h*h];
 8 int  n,m,dx,dy;
 9 
10 int find(int a){
11     return a==key[a]? a : key[a]=find(key[a]);
12 }
13 
14 void key_union(int a,int c){
15     int fa = find(a);
16     int fc = find(c);
17     if(rrank[fa]>rrank[fc])
18         key[fc] = fa;
19     else{
20         key[fa] = fc;
21         if(rrank[fa]==rrank[fc])
22             rrank[fc]++;
23     }
24 }
25 
26 int num(int a){
27     int k = find(a);
28     int ans = 0;
29     for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
30         for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
31             if(find(i*n+j)==k)
32                 ans++;
33                 
34     return ans;
35 }
36 
37 int main()
38 {
39     while(scanf("%d %d",&n,&m)!=EOF){
40         if(n==0&&m==0)    break;
41         for(int i=1;i<=m;i++){
42             cin.get();
43             for(int j=1;j<=n;j++){
44                 scanf("%c",&map[i][j]);
45                 if(map[i][j]!='#')    key[i*n+j] = i*n+j;
46                 else                key[i*n+j] = 0;
47                 if(map[i][j]=='@'){//找到@的座標 
48                     dx = i;
49                     dy = j;
50                     map[i][j] = '.';
51                 }
52             }
53         }
54 
55         for(int i=1;i<m;i++){
56             for(int j=1;j<n;j++){
57                 if(key[i*n+j]){
58                     if(key[i*n+j+1])  
59                         key_union(i*n+j,i*n+j+1);
60                     if(key[i*n+n+j])
61                         key_union(i*n+n+j,i*n+j);
62                 }
63             }
64             if(key[i*n+n])
65                 if(key[i*n+2*n])
66                     key_union(i*n+2*n,i*n+n);
67         }
68         for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
69             if(key[m*n+i])
70                 if(key[m*n+i+1])
71                     key_union(m*n+i,m*n+i+1);    
72                     
73         int ans = num(dx*n+dy);
74         printf("%d\n",ans);
75     }
76 }
View Code
 

  代碼二:這是還分不清DFS和BFS時寫的DFS算法(比後面的BFS要簡潔不少,不知道爲何做爲BFS的例題放在這裏)ide

 1 #include<iostream>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 int mov[4][2] = {-1,0,1,0,0,-1,0,1};
 5 int sum,w,h;
 6 char s[21][21];
 7 
 8 void dfs(int x,int y){
 9     sum++;//計數 
10     s[x][y] = '#';
11     for(int i=0;i<4;++i){//四個方向前進 
12         int tx = x+mov[i][0];
13         int ty = y+mov[i][1];
14 
15         if(s[tx][ty]=='.' && tx>=0 && tx<h && ty>=0 && ty<w)
16             dfs(tx,ty);//判斷該點可行後進入dfs 
17     }
18 }
19 
20 int main()
21 {
22     int x,y;
23     while(scanf("%d %d",&w,&h)!=EOF){
24         if(w==0&&h==0)    break;
25         for(int i=0;i<h;i++){
26             cin.get();
27             for(int j=0;j<w;j++){
28                 scanf("%c",&s[i][j]);
29                 if(s[i][j]=='@'){//起點 
30                     x = i;
31                     y = j;
32                 }
33             }
34         }
35         sum = 0;
36         dfs(x,y);
37         printf("%d\n",sum);
38     }
39     return 0;
40 }
View Code

 

  代碼三:引自《算法競賽入門到進階》中的解題代碼 BFS算法spa

 1 #include<bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 char room[23][23];
 5 int dir[4][2] = { //左上角的座標是(0,0) 
 6     {-1, 0},     //向左 
 7     {0, -1},     //向上 
 8     {1, 0},     //向右 
 9     {0, -1}        //向下 
10 };
11 
12 int Wx, Hy, num;
13 #define check(x, y)(x<Wx && x>=0 && y>=0 && y<Hy)    //是否在room中
14 struct node{int x, y};
15 
16 void BFS(int dx, int dy){
17     num = 1;
18     queue<node> q;
19     node start, next;
20     start.x = dx;
21     start.y = dy;
22     q.push(start);//插入隊列 
23     
24     while(!q.empty()){//直到隊列爲空 
25         start = q.front();//取隊首元素,即此輪循環的出發點 
26         q.pop();//刪除隊首元素(以取出) 
27         
28         for(int i=0; i<4; i++){//往左上右下四個方向逐一搜索 
29             next.x = start.x + dir[i][0];
30             next.y = start.y + dir[i][1];
31             if(check(next.x, next.y) && room[next.x][next.y]=='.'){ 
32                 room[next.x][next.y] = '#';//標記已經走過 
33                 num ++;//計數 
34                 q.push(next);//判斷此點可行以後,插入隊列,待循環判斷 
35             }
36         }
37     }
38 } 
39 
40 int main(){
41     int x, y, dx, dy;
42     while(~scanf("%d %d",&Wx, &Hy)){
43         if(Wx==0 && Hy==0)
44             break;
45         for(y=0; y<Hy; y++){
46             for(x=0; x<Wx; x++){
47                 scanf("%d",&room[x][y]);
48                 if(room[x][y] == '@'){//找到起點座標 
49                     dx = x;
50                     dy = y;
51                 }
52             }
53         }
54         num = 0;//初始化 
55         BFS(dx, dy);
56         printf("%d\n",num);
57     }
58     return 0;
59 }
View Code

   這裏暫時整理出了此題的關於DFS和BFS算法的代碼,DFS相對好理解,遞歸的思想早有接觸,相對易用;BFS還涉及到queue隊列的知識,初學時理解困難,即便此處整理出,也不能保證下次遇到時還能寫的出來。.net

  代碼一用的是並查集的思想,由於第一次作這個題目的時候剛學並查集,新鮮就拿出來用了,確實是磨破了頭皮,尤爲當看到DFS的代碼之後,我如今再拿出來都不敢相信這是我當時寫的代碼?並查集的思想須要掌握,可是遇題仍是要先判斷清楚類型,選擇相對簡易方便、以及本身掌握熟練的算法。code

  代碼二是在模糊地聽完了DFS和BFS之後寫出來的代碼,也是我如今最能接受的簡易代碼,遞歸的運用關鍵在於準確找到先後的聯繫,遞歸的代碼看上去簡單,可是真的遇到新題,可就有的折騰了。這類題型中無論DFS仍是BFS都有類似的check部分,即在走出下一步以前,要判斷將要走的點,是否在給定範圍以內(也有可能在本身的數組中越界),並有相關標記,表示此處來過,避免重複計數,防止遞歸或循環沒有盡頭。

  代碼三是書上的BFS算法,應該是標準的「模板了」,如今關於vector、queue、map之類的STL序列容器理解不深,掌握不全,運用很差,就算抄模板,也要多練習相關題目,熟悉此類題型的技巧規則。queue的.front() .pop() .push()時運用BFS解決題目的重要操做,queue是解決最短路徑的利器,此處體現很少。

(勤加練習,勤寫博客)2020/1/18/21:28
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