Linux命令（8）yum命令

目錄

• yum命令
  • 檢查更新
  • 更新程序包
  • 查找程序包
  • 列出程序包
  • 列出全部程序包組
  • 安裝程序包組
  • 卸載程序包組
  • 查看程序包信息
  • 安裝程序包
  • 從新安裝程序包
  • 卸載程序包
  • 列出yum倉庫
  • 添加Yum倉庫
  • 啓用Yum倉庫
  • 禁用Yum倉庫
  • 添加Yum倉庫遇到的問題
  • 更新與安全相關的包

yum命令

檢查更新

查看系統上已安裝的程序包有哪些可用更新

yum check-update

~]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

GeoIP.x86_64                  1.5.0-14.el7                      base     
NetworkManager.x86_64         1:1.18.4-3.el7                    base         
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64   1:1.18.4-3.el7                    base         
NetworkManager-team.x86_64    1:1.18.4-3.el7                    base         
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64     1:1.18.4-3.el7                    base         
acl.x86_64                    2.2.51-15.el7                     base         
alsa-lib.x86_64               1.1.8-1.el7                       base
...

• GeoIP - 包的名稱
• x86_64 - 構建包的CPU架構
• 1.5.0 - 要安裝的更新包的版本
• base - 更新的程序包所在的存儲庫

更新程序包

咱們能夠一次更新一個、多個或全部程序包，更新時此程序包全部依賴的程序包也會進行更新。

更新單個程序包

yum update package_name

示例：更新bash程序包

~]# yum update bash
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bash.x86_64 0:4.2.46-31.el7 will be updated
---> Package bash.x86_64 0:4.2.46-34.el7 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved
=========================================================================================
 Package          Arch            Version          Repository         Size
=========================================================================================
Updating:
 bash             x86_64          4.2.46-34.el7     base              1.0 M

Transaction Summary
=========================================================================================
Upgrade  1 Package

Total download size: 1.0 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]:

• Loaded plugins - 顯示Yum全部的插件

• bash.x86_64 - 表示所要安裝的更新包

• yum默認狀況下以交互方式運行

  • y 選項，表示贊成安裝更新

  • d 選項，yum會當即下載程序包而不安裝它們。咱們能夠使用 yum localinstall 來安裝這些程序包，不過此命令已經廢棄，可直接使用 yum install 來安裝。

    下載的程序包默認保存在爲 /var/cache/yum/\(basearch/\)releasever/packages/

  • N 取消安裝更新

更新全部程序包及其依賴的程序包

yum update

更新與安全相關的包

若是程序包具備可用的安全更新，則只能將這些程序包更新爲其最新版本。

yum update --security

查找程序包

yum search package_name

~]# yum search zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
=================== N/S matched: zsh ==========================
autojump-zsh.noarch : Autojump for zsh
zsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html format
zsh.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell
zsh-lovers.noarch : A collection of tips, tricks and examples for the Z shell

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

• 默認狀況下，yum search返回匹配的程序包的名稱和摘要信息。

列出程序包

列出系統上全部已經安裝和可用的程序包

yum list all

~]# yum list all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
GeoIP.x86_64                  1.5.0-11.el7     @CentOS7-base
NetworkManager.x86_64         1:1.10.2-13.el7  @CentOS7-base
accountsservice.x86_64        0.6.45-7.el7      CentOS7-base 
accountsservice-devel.i686    0.6.45-7.el7      CentOS7-base 
......

• 若是程序包已經安裝，在其對應的yum倉庫名稱前會有一個 @CentOS7-base 標誌，若是沒有安裝，則沒有任何標誌CentOS7-base。

列出系統上已經安裝的全部程序包，輸出內容最右側表示程序包所在的yum倉庫。

yum list installed

~]# yum list installed
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
GeoIP.x86_64             1.5.0-11.el7          @CentOS7-base 
NetworkManager.x86_64    1:1.10.2-13.el7       @CentOS7-base

列出全部已啓用存儲庫中的全部可用的程序包

yum list available

~]# yum list available
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
0ad.x86_64               0.0.22-1.el7         fedora-epel-7
0ad-data.noarch          0.0.22-1.el7         fedora-epel-7
0install.x86_64          2.11-1.el7           fedora-epel-7

列出全部程序包組

yum grouplist

[root@node1 ~]# yum groups list
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:
   Minimal Install
   Compute Node
   Infrastructure Server
   File and Print Server
   Basic Web Server
   Virtualization Host
   Server with GUI
   GNOME Desktop
   KDE Plasma Workspaces
   Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
   Compatibility Libraries
   Console Internet Tools
   Development Tools
   Graphical Administration Tools
   Legacy UNIX Compatibility
   Scientific Support
   Security Tools
   Smart Card Support
   System Administration Tools
   System Management
Done

列出全部程序包組的組ID

[root@node1 ~]# yum grouplist ids
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:
   Minimal Install (minimal)
   Compute Node (compute-node-environment)
   Infrastructure Server (infrastructure-server-environment)
   File and Print Server (file-print-server-environment)
   Basic Web Server (web-server-environment)
   Virtualization Host (virtualization-host-environment)
   Server with GUI (graphical-server-environment)
   GNOME Desktop (gnome-desktop-environment)
   KDE Plasma Workspaces (kde-desktop-environment)
   Development and Creative Workstation (developer-workstation-environment)
Available Groups:
   Compatibility Libraries (compat-libraries)
   Console Internet Tools (console-internet)
   Development Tools (development)
   Graphical Administration Tools (graphical-admin-tools)
   Legacy UNIX Compatibility (legacy-unix)
   Scientific Support (scientific)
   Security Tools (security-tools)
   Smart Card Support (smart-card)
   System Administration Tools (system-admin-tools)
   System Management (system-management)
Done

列出全部的程序包的組ID及隱藏的ID

[root@node1 ~]# yum grouplist hidden ids

安裝程序包組

安裝程序包組有四種方法

yum group install "group name"
yum group install groupid
yum install @group
yum install @^group

• 以上四種方法是等價的，哪一種簡單用哪一種。

示例：以Development Tools爲例，顯示四種安裝方法

~]# yum group install "Development Tools"
 ~]# yum group install development
 ~]# yum install @"Development Tools"
 ~]# yum install @development

• 我的喜歡第四種，由於能夠少打字。

卸載程序包組

yum group remove "group name"
yum group remove groupid
yum remove @group
yum remove @^group

示例：以Development Tools爲例，顯示四種卸載程序包組的方法

~]# yum group remove "Development Tools"
 ~]# yum group remove development
 ~]# yum remove @"Development Tools"
 ~]# yum remove @development

查看程序包信息

查看一個或多個程序包的信息

~]#yum info package_name1 [package_name2] [...]

示例：查看httpd程序包的信息。

~]# yum info httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name         : httpd
Arch         : x86_64
Version      : 2.4.6
Release      : 80.el7.centos
Size         : 9.4 M
Repo         : installed
From repo    : CentOS7-base
Summary      : Apache HTTP Server
URL          : http://httpd.apache.org/
License      : ASL 2.0
Description  : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, 
             : efficient, and extensible web server.

安裝程序包

安裝程序包時 yum命令會自動解決依賴關係，將程序包及其全部未安裝的依賴的程序包都安裝。

安裝單個程序包

~]# yum install package_name

安裝多個程序包

安裝多個程序包時，能夠將多個程序包名以空格分隔來安裝。

~]# yum install package_name1 [package_name2] [...]

默認安裝程序包的最新版本，安裝舊版本時須要指定版本號。

示例：同時安裝多個程序包。

~]# yum install httpd mysql

當咱們只是知道要安裝的二進制文件的名稱，而不知道其程序包名稱，則能夠爲 yum install 提供路徑名稱。

~]# yum install /usr/bin/passwd

這時yum會搜索包列表，檢索哪一個包提供了/usr/bin/passwd，若是有的話就會提供咱們安裝。

查看指定的文件是由哪一個程序包提供

yum provides 「filename」

當咱們只是知道一個命令，如ls，但不肯定其到底安裝在/bin目錄仍是/sbin/目錄中，以及ls命令是由哪一個程序包安裝，咱們能夠使用 yum provides 命令。

# yum provides "*bin/ls"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
coreutils-8.22-21.el7.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU tools
commonly used in shell scripts
Repo: CentOS7-base
Matched from:
Filename: /bin/ls
Filename: /usr/bin/ls

coreutils-8.22-21.el7.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU tools 
commonly used in shell scripts
Repo: @CentOS7-base
Matched from:
Filename: /bin/ls
Filename: /usr/bin/ls

從新安裝程序包

~]# yum reinstall httpd

卸載程序包

要卸載特定程序包以及依賴於它的任何程序包

yum remove package_name...

示例：卸載httpd程序包

~]# yum remove httpd

卸載多個程序包

~]# yum remove package_name1 [package_name2] [...]

列出yum倉庫

列出系統上每一個已啓用倉庫的倉庫ID，名稱和程序包數量。

~]# yum repolist 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                repo name          status
CentOS7-base           CentOS7-base        9,911
docker-ce-7            docker-ce-7           156
fedora-epel-7          fedora-epel-7      12,661

yum repolist 只顯示狀態爲enabled的倉庫信息。使用 yum repoinfo命令列出倉庫的更多信息，不過此命令在CentOS6系統上不可用。

列出已經啓用和禁用的倉庫

yum repolist all

~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                repo name                status
C7.0.1406-base/x86_64  CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base   disabled
CentOS7-base           CentOS7-base             enabled:  9,911
fedora-epel-7          fedora-epel-7            enabled: 12,661

• 最右側輸出的狀態列 status 列出了相關倉庫的啓用和禁用狀態。

添加Yum倉庫

通常咱們爲方便管理都會在 /etc/yum.repos.d/目錄中添加文件後綴爲.repo的文件，而不是在/etc/yum.conf文件中添加。

互聯網上的Yum倉庫一般提供本身的.repo文件，咱們只須要使用如下命令添加便可。

yum-config-manager --add-repo repository_url

• 其中repository_url是.repo文件的連接。

示例：給當前系統添加網易的CentOS源。

~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

啓用Yum倉庫

yum-config-manager --enable repositoryID

• repositoryID是倉庫的惟一ID（使用 yum repolist all 列出可用的存儲庫ID）

啓用全部存儲庫

~]# yum-config-manager --enable \*

禁用Yum倉庫

yum-config-manager --disable repositoryID

• repositoryID是倉庫的惟一ID（使用 yum repolist all 列出可用的存儲庫ID）

禁用全部存儲庫

~]  yum-config-manager --disable \*

添加Yum倉庫遇到的問題

[root@node1 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
adding repo from: https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
grabbing file https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
Could not fetch/save url https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo to file /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo: [Errno 14] curl#60 - "Peer's Certificate has expired."

出現問題的緣由是當前系統的時間與yum源的時間不一致致使。

解決辦法：

[root@node1 ~]# yum -y install ntp
[root@node1 ~]# ntpdate time.windows.com

更新與安全相關的包

列出全部與安全相關的更新

yum --security check-update

若是程序包具備可用的安全更新，則將這些程序包更新爲最新版本

yum --security update

只安裝最安全的安全更新，忽略全部可能包含不安全新功能的包

yum --security update-minimal