JDK之僞分享的狀況下該使用填充仍是@Contended

    注意:JEP142規範,Reduce Cache Contention on Specified Fields。java

1.僞分享狀況下,JDK8上,偏向於使用@Contended

    僞分享的狀況下,可使用填充和JDK8的@Contended註解。緩存

    可是實驗結果證實數據填充並不能作的很好,由於不一樣的機器、不一樣的操做系統對緩存行的使用狀況不同,咱們很難肯定咱們機器上的緩存使用機制就是如咱們設想的那樣,因此建議使用JDK8的@Contended註解。dom

    爲何偏向於使用@Contended註解:jvm

  1.     我本身用代碼試驗,試驗了用數據填充、用@Contended註解,從結果來看,@Contended確實能夠提高几倍,比填充好。
  2.     另外一個證據是國外的這篇博客,這篇博客解釋了,爲何@Contended註解比數據填充好,緣由是CPU執行instruction時,會prefetch。不少人說,填充到64bytes就能夠了,但我發現這種說法的做者缺乏額外的瞭解,咱們對操做系統底層仍是瞭解的不夠。

2.@Contended註解的value

    List-1 Intellij Idea中打開的Oracle JDK @Contended沒有註釋ide

package sun.misc;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface Contended {
    String value() default "";
}

    List-2 來看openJDK的@Contended註解,源碼地址fetch

...這裏有不少註釋,自行查看源碼...

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface Contended {

    /**
     * The (optional) contention group tag.
     * This tag is only meaningful for field level annotations.
     *
     * @return contention group tag.
     */
    String value() default "";
}

    openJDK的Contended.java中有詳細的註釋,這個value只有在類屬性上纔有意義,表示"contention group tag",理解字面意思,可是沒有理解具體含義。查google,查到Stackoverflow上別人的回覆,說的和List-2註釋差很少,理解字面意思,可是沒理解含義,原文地址。我把別人的回答截圖,以下圖1。ui

                                         圖1 Stackoverflow上關於@Contended的value回答this

3. JDK8中使用@Contended的類舉例

    ForkjoinPool的內部類WorkQueuegoogle

                                                     圖1 JDK8中ForkjoinPool的WorkQueuespa

    List-3 JDK8中Thread內部屬性,這幾個屬性與ThreadLocalRandom有關

// The following three initially uninitialized fields are exclusively
    // managed by class java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom. These
    // fields are used to build the high-performance PRNGs in the
    // concurrent code, and we can not risk accidental false sharing.
    // Hence, the fields are isolated with @Contended.

    /** The current seed for a ThreadLocalRandom */
    @sun.misc.Contended("tlr")
    long threadLocalRandomSeed;

    /** Probe hash value; nonzero if threadLocalRandomSeed initialized */
    @sun.misc.Contended("tlr")
    int threadLocalRandomProbe;

    /** Secondary seed isolated from public ThreadLocalRandom sequence */
    @sun.misc.Contended("tlr")
    int threadLocalRandomSecondarySeed;

    List-4 JDK8中Striped64的內部類Cell

/**
     * Padded variant of AtomicLong supporting only raw accesses plus CAS.
     *
     * JVM intrinsics note: It would be possible to use a release-only
     * form of CAS here, if it were provided.
     */
    @sun.misc.Contended static final class Cell {
        volatile long value;
        Cell(long x) { value = x; }
        final boolean cas(long cmp, long val) {
            return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, valueOffset, cmp, val);
        }

        // Unsafe mechanics
        private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
        private static final long valueOffset;
        static {
            try {
                UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
                Class<?> ak = Cell.class;
                valueOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
                    (ak.getDeclaredField("value"));
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new Error(e);
            }
        }
    }

    在這裏就只是舉這幾個例子

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