①實現線程切換,能夠在A個線程使用B線程建立的Handler發送消息,而後在B線程的Handler handleMessage回調中接收A線程的消息。java
②實現發送延時消息 hanlder.postDelay(),sendMessageDelayed()linux
消息的載體,包含發送的handler對象等信息,Message自己是一個單鏈表結構,裏面維護了next Message對象;內部維護了一個Message Pool,使用時調用Message.obtain()方法來從Message 池子中獲取對象,可讓咱們在許多狀況下避免new對象,減小內存開,Message種類有普通message,異步Message,同步屏障Message。安全
MessageQueue:一個優先級隊列,內部是一個按Message.when從小到大排列的Message單鏈表;能夠經過enqueueMessage()添加Message,經過next()取出Message,可是必須配合Handler與Looper來實現這個過程。markdown
經過Looper.prepare()去建立一個Looper,調用Looper.loop()去不斷輪詢MessageQueue隊列,調用MessageQueue 的next()方法直到取出Msg,而後回調msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);實現消息的取出與分發。app
咱們在MainActivity的成員變量初始化一個Handler,而後子線程經過handler post/send msg發送一個消息 ,最後咱們在主線程的Handler回調handleMessage(msg: Message)拿到咱們的消息。理解了這個從發送到接收的過程,Handler原理就掌握的差很少了。下面來分析這個過程:less
handler post/send msg 對象到 MessageQueue ,不管調用Handler哪一個發送方法,最後都會調用到Handler.enqueueMessage()方法:異步
private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,long uptimeMillis) {
//handler enqueneMessage 將handler賦值給msg.target,爲了區分消息隊列的消息屬於哪一個handler發送的
msg.target = this;
msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid();
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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而後再去調用MessageQueue.enqueueMessage(),將Message按照message 的when參數的從小到大的順序插入到MessageQueue中.MessageQueue是一個優先級隊列,內部是以單鏈表的形式存儲Message的。這樣咱們完成了消息發送到MessageQueue的步驟。async
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
//、、、、、、
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
//when == 0 就是直接發送的消息 將msg插到隊列的頭部
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
//準備插入的msg.when 時間小於隊列中某個消息的when 就跳出循環
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
//插入msg 到隊列中這個消息的前面
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
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咱們知道消息隊列MessageQueue是死的,它不會本身去取出某個消息的。因此咱們須要一個讓MessageQueue動起來的動力--Looper.首先建立一個Looper,代碼以下:ide
//Looper.java
// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
@UnsupportedAppUsage
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
//sThreadLocal.get() 獲得Looper 不爲null
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
//ThreadLocal.java
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
//將thread自己最爲key, looper爲value存在ThreadLocalMap中
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
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從源碼能夠看出,一個線程只能存在一個Looper,接着來看looper.loop()方法,主要作了取message的工做:函數
//looper.java
/** * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call * {@link #quit()} to end the loop. */
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
//..............
//死循環取出message
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block 調用MessageQueue的next()方法取出消息,可能發生阻塞
if (msg == null) {//msg == null 表明message queue 正在退出,通常不會爲null
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
//...............
try {//取出消息後,分發給對應的 msg.target 也就是handler
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
// 、、、、、
} catch (Exception exception) {
// 、、、、、
} finally {
// 、、、、、
}
// 、、、、、重置屬性並回收message到複用池
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
//Message.java
void recycleUnchecked() {
// Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
// Clear out all other details.
flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
what = 0;
arg1 = 0;
arg2 = 0;
obj = null;
replyTo = null;
sendingUid = UID_NONE;
workSourceUid = UID_NONE;
when = 0;
target = null;
callback = null;
data = null;
synchronized (sPoolSync) {
if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
next = sPool;
sPool = this;
sPoolSize++;
}
}
}
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不斷輪詢從消息隊列裏取消息,若是有同步屏障消息就先處理異步消息,而後再去處理同步消息,分發給對應的handler,在MessageQueue中沒有消息要執行時即MessageQueue空閒時,若是有idelHandler則會去執行idelHandler 的任務,經過idler.queueIdle()處理任務.
//MessageQueue.java
Message next() {
//........
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
//沒消息時,主線程睡眠
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;//mMessages保存鏈表的第一個元素
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {//當有屏障消息時,就去尋找最近的下一個異步消息
// msg.target == null 時爲屏障消息(參考MessageQueue.java 的postSyncBarrier()),找到尋找下一個異步消息
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;//記錄prevMsg爲異步消息的前一個同步消息
msg = msg.next;//遍歷下一個節點
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());//當是同步消息時,執行循環,直到找到異步消息跳出循環
}
if (msg != null) {//消息處理
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
//下一條消息還沒到執行時間,先睡眠一下子
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {//有屏障消息
prevMsg.next = msg.next;//這個步驟保證了原來的同步消息的順序 將異步消息前的同步消息放在異步消息後的同步消息以前執行,優先執行了異步消息
} else {//無屏障消息直接取出這個消息,並重置MessageQueue隊列的頭
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
//返回隊列的一個message
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
//沒消息就睡眠
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
//當消息對列沒有要執行的message時,去賦值pendingIdleHandlerCount
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
//建立 IdleHandler[]
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
//執行IdleHandle[]的每一個queueIdle(),Return true to keep your idle handler active
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {//mIdleHandlers 被刪除了
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
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經過以上源碼的分析,瞭解到Handler的工做原理,根據原理可回答出一下幾個經典題目:
能夠有多個handler,由於能夠在一個線程 new多個handler ,而且handler 發送message時,會將handler 賦值給message.target
只能有一個,不然會拋異常
Handler內存泄漏的根本緣由時在於延時消息,由於Handler 發送一個延時消息到MessageQueue,MessageQueue中持有的Message中持有Handler的引用,而Handler做爲Activity的內部類持有Activity的引用,因此當Activity銷燬時因MessageQueue的Message沒法釋放,會致使Activity沒法釋放,形成內存泄漏
由於APP啓動後ActivityThread會幫咱們自動建立Looper。若是想在子線程中new Handler要作調用Looper.prepare(),Looper.loop()方法
//ActivityThread.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
//............
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
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子線程中new Handler要作調用Looper.prepare(),Looper.loop()方法,並在結束時手動調用Looper.quit(),LooperquitSafely()方法來終止Looper,不然子線程會一直卡死在這個阻塞狀態不能中止
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
//..............經過synchronized保證線程安全
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
//..............
}
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Message.obtain()
按照Message.when 插入message
Looper死循環,沒消息會進行休眠不會卡死調用linux底層的epoll機制實現;應用卡死時是ANR致使的;二者是不同的概念
ANR:用戶輸入事件或者觸摸屏幕5S沒響應或者廣播在10S內未執行完畢,Service的各個生命週期函數在特定時間(20秒)內沒法完成處理