""" Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表:mobile, author、is_delete、create_time BaseModel基表 is_delete、create_time 上面四表繼承基表,能夠繼承兩個字段 """
PS:前端
(1)表格都有是否刪除字段 建立時間字段mysql
(2)抽象繼承一個模型表(基表)git
class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 設置 abstract = True 來聲明基表,做爲基表的Model不能在數據庫中造成對應的表 重點 class Meta: abstract = True
(1)做用:sql
(1)物理上斷開關係提高查找效率數據庫
(2)防止環裝表關係 致使表關係成爲死表(即不能再操做表 若是想要在從新操做表格 須要刪庫跑路)django
(2)字段設計後端
1:外鍵字段 (1)一對多:外鍵存放在多的一方 (2)一對一:從邏輯正反向考慮 如做者與做者詳情 做者刪除 做者詳情級聯更新 做者詳情刪除 做者還在 所以將外鍵存放在詳情表中 (3)多對多:在關係表中 2:ORM查詢 (1)正向查詢:經過外鍵字段 (2)反向查詢:聽過ralated_name (3)連表操做關係 (1)做者刪除--->做者詳情刪除---->cascade (2)做者刪除--->做者詳情爲空---->set_null (3)做者刪除--->做者詳情默認---->set-defalut (4)做者刪除--->做者詳情無損---->do_nothing
# 做者詳情表中的 author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE ) # 圖書表中的 publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', related_name='books', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author' related_name='books', db_constraint=False, )
PS:api
(1)多對多表關係不能設置on_deleteapp
(2)一對一,一對多必須設置on_delete ide
(3)1.X的Django默認設置on_delete 2.X須要手工設置
# 1) 基表 class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 做爲基表的Model不能在數據庫中造成對應的表,設置 abstract = True class Meta: abstract = True class Book(BaseModel): """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg') publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', db_constraint=False, # 斷關聯 related_name='books', # 反向查詢字段:publish_obj.books 就能訪問全部出版的書 on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 設置連表操做關係 ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='books' ) # 序列化插拔式屬性 - 完成自定義字段名完成連表查詢 @property def publish_name(self): return self.publish.name @property def author_list(self): return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all() class Meta: db_table = 'book' verbose_name = '書籍' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64) class Meta: db_table = 'publish' verbose_name = '出版社' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField() class Meta: db_table = 'author' verbose_name = '做者' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, ) class Meta: db_table = 'author_detail' verbose_name = '做者詳情' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s的詳情' % self.author.name
INSTALLED_APPS = [ # 註冊rest_framework 'rest_framework', ] DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'database', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123', } } """ 任何__init__文件 import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() """ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False MEDIA_URL = '/media/' MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
from django.conf.urls import url, include from django.contrib import admin from django.views.static import serve from django.conf import settings urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), ]
from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ url('^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url('^books/(?P<primary_key>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), ]
(1)項目下建立一下py文件
serializers.py
(2)導入相應的模塊
from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError # 導入報錯信息 from . import models # 導入模型表
(3)基礎使用方式
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 建立序列化類class Meta: model = models.Book # 序列化類關聯的model類 後面根據類目至關於拿到類的名稱空間 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_info', ) # 參與序列化的字段
(4)自定義連表深度
# 能夠單獨做爲Publish接口的序列化類,也能夠做爲Book序列化外鍵publish輔助的序列化組件 class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address') class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 自定義連表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 該方式不能參與反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存時,不能書寫 publish = PublishModelSerializer() class Meta: # 序列化類關聯的model類 model = models.Book # 參與序列化的字段 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_info','publish' )
(5)小特性瞭解知識點
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 瞭解: 該方式設置的序列化字段,必須在fields中聲明 publish_address = SerializerMethodField() def get_publish_address(self, obj): return obj.publish.address fields = '__all__' # 全部字段 exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time') # 與fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段 depth = 1 # 自動連表深度
(6)視圖層查詢數據
class Book(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False) book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data except: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '書籍不存在' }) else: book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all() book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data })
(7)序列化層
class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address') class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 自定義連表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 該方式不能參與反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存時,不能書寫 publish = PublishModelSerializer() class Meta: # 序列化類關聯的model類 model = models.Book # 參與序列化的字段 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_info', 'publish')
(8)視圖層數據提交
class Book(APIView): def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data) # raise_exception=True:當校驗失敗,立刻終止當前視圖方法,拋異常返回給前臺 book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data })
(9)反序列化層
class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors') # extra_kwargs 用來完成反序列化字段的 系統校驗規則 extra_kwargs = { 'name': { 'required': True, 'min_length': 1, 'error_messages': { 'required': '必填項', 'min_length': '過短', } } } # 局部鉤子 def validate_name(self, value): # 書名不能包含 g 字符 if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('該g書不能出版') return value # 全局鉤子 def validate(self, attrs): publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book': '該書已存在'}) return attrs # ModelSerializer類已經幫咱們實現了 create 與 update 方法
(1)fields中設置全部須要參與序列化與反序列化的字段
(2)extra_kwargs 設置哪些字段是隻參與序列化與參與反序列化
(1)read_only ---> 只參與序列化
(2)write_only ---> 只參與反序列化
(3)設置全局鉤子 局部鉤子 以及須要校驗的字段
(4)代碼展現
class V2BookModelDeSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book # 參與序列化的模型表 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'authors_info', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors') # 參與序列化與反序列化的字段 extra_kwargs = { # 設置額外的約束條件 'name': { 'required': True, 'min_length': 1, 'error_messages': { 'required': '必填項', 'min_length': '過短', } }, 'publish': { 'write_only': True }, 'authors': { 'write_only': True }, 'img': { 'read_only': True, }, 'author_list': { 'read_only': True, }, 'publish_name': { 'read_only': True, } } def validate_name(self, value): # 局部鉤子 # 書名不能包含 g 字符 if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('該g書不能出版') return value def validate(self, attrs): # 全局鉤子 publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book': '該書已存在'}) return attrs
(5)視圖層代碼變更
class V2Book(APIView): # 查詢 def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): primary_key = kwargs.get('primary_key') if not primary_key: book_obj_list = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all() # 查詢全部沒被刪除的對象 book_data = serializers.V2BookModelDeSerializer(book_obj_list, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data }) try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=primary_key, is_delete=False) book_data = serializers.V2BookModelDeSerializer(book_obj).data except: return Response({ 'msg': '查詢錯誤 該書籍不存在', 'status': 1 }) return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data }) # 添加 def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data if isinstance(request_data, dict) and request_data is not None: many = False # 添加單條數據 elif isinstance(request_data, list) and request_data is not None: many = True # 添加多條數據 else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '數據錯誤' }) book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelDeSerializer(data=request_data, many=many) if book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True): # 當前校驗設備 立馬終止程序運行 拋出異常 book_results = book_ser.save() book_data = serializers.V2BookModelDeSerializer(book_results, many=many).data # many = many必定加上 由於序列化的假設多個數據 還須要將參與序列化的數據給返回出去 return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data }) def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs): primary_key = kwargs.get('primary_key') data = request.data if primary_key: pks = [primary_key] # 刪除多條數據 else: pks = data.get('pks') # 獲取前臺傳入的多個數據 print(pks) book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks, is_delete=False) # 判斷後端的pk在不在上述列表中 且篩選沒有被刪除的字段 if book_obj: book_obj.update(is_delete=True) return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '刪除失敗' }) return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': '刪除成功', })
(6)單條數據總體更改
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('primary_key') # 獲取更改的對象的主鍵 經過主鍵進行篩選 request_data = request.data # 獲取更改數據的值 try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() # 進行異常捕獲 防止前端輸入的pk不是整形 except: return Response( { 'status': 1, 'msg': '數據不存在', }) ''' instance:要更改的模型表實例化產生的對象 data:要更改的數據 ''' book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_obj, data=request_data) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_ser_obj = book_ser.save() data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_ser_obj).data return Response( { 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': data } )
(7)單條局部修改
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('primary_key') request_data = request.data # 要更改的數據 try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() # 要更改模型表實例化的對象 except: return Response( { 'status': 1, 'msg': '數據不存在', }) ''' instance:要更改模型表實例化的對象 data:要更改的數據 partial:設置部分字段能夠選填 ''' book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_obj,data=request_data,partial=True) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_ser_obj = book_ser.save() data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_ser_obj).data return Response( { 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': data } )
(8)單改與局部總體修改
# 序列化層 class BookListSerializer(ListSerializer): def update(self, instance, validated_data): print(instance) # 要更新的對象們 print(validated_data) # 更新的對象對應的數據們 print(self.child) # 服務的模型序列化類 - BookModelSerializer for index, obj in enumerate(instance): self.child.update(obj, validated_data[index]) # 獲取須要更新的對象 以及更新的數據 return instance class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: # 羣改,須要設置 自定義ListSerializer,重寫羣改的 update 方法 list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer
PS:
(1)因爲源碼問題 咱們須要本身定義ListSerializer的update方法
(9)視圖層
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('primary_key') request_data = request.data # [{'pk': 1, 'name': 123}, {'pk': 3, 'price': 7}, {'pk': 7, 'publish': 2}] 前臺傳入的數據 if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict): pks = [pk, ] request_data = [request_data, ] elif not pk and isinstance(request_data, list): pks = [] # 定義個一個空列表存放主鍵值 for dic in request_data: pk = dic.pop('pk', None) # for循環上述數據 將主鍵傳入上述列表 若是設置none防止主鍵不存在 if not pk: return Response( { 'status': 2, 'msg': '數據錯誤' } ) pks.append(pk) # 將主鍵加入上述列表 else: return Response( { 'status': 1, 'msg': "數據查詢錯誤" } ) objs = [] # 存放序列化的對象 new_request_data = [] # 存放須要反序列化的數據 for index, pk in enumerate(pks): try: # 防止主鍵不存在 obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk,is_delete=False) objs.append(obj) new_request_data.append(request_data[index]) # 上述pks都是合法的主鍵 經過獲取主鍵的索引 而後去原數據取值 except: # 主鍵不存在 直接跳出本次循環 進入下一次循環 # 重點:反面教程 - pk對應的數據有誤,將對應索引的data中request_data中移除 # index = pks.index(pk) # request_data.pop(index) continue book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, many=True, partial=True) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_obj = book_ser.save() data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': "ok", "results": data })
(1)做用:
(1)某些序列化類可能會須要視圖層的數據
(2)context可讓序列化類獲取視圖類內部的參數
(2)使用方式
(1)視圖類在序列化的時候傳入context的方法
(2)序列化類經過self.context拿到傳入的數據
(3)視圖類
class Book(APIView): def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,context={'request':request}) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_result = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_result).data })
(4)序列化類
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price') def validate_name(self, value): print(self.context.get('request').method) # 拿到後端使用的方法 return value
from rest_framework.response import Response class APIResponse(Response): ''' data_status:數據狀態碼 data_msg:數據返回消息 headers:請求頭 results:響應結果 exception:報錯信息 http_status:http狀態碼 kwargs:後端是否傳入額外數據 例如token等 ''' def __init__(self, data_status=0, data_msg='ok', headers=None, results=None, exception=False, http_status=None, **kwargs): data = { 'status': data_status, 'msg': data_msg } ''' Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': [], 'token': '' # 有這樣的額外的key-value數據結果 },status=http_status,headers=headers,exception=True|False) APIResponse() => Response({'status': 0,'msg': 'ok'}) # # ''' # 判斷是否有返回結果 若是有則返回 if results is not None: data['results'] = results # 判斷後端時候給序列化傳額外數據 if kwargs is not None: data.update(kwargs) super().__init__(data=data, status=http_status, exception=exception, headers=headers) """ Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': [], 'token': '' # 有這樣的額外的key-value數據結果 },status=http_status,headers=headers,exception=True|False) APIResponse() => Response({'status': 0,'msg': 'ok'}) """