SQL語句先前寫的時候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘記,我特此整理了一下SQL語句操做。 1、基礎 一、說明:建立數據庫 CREATE DATABASE database-name 二、說明:刪除數據庫 drop database dbname 三、說明:備份sql server --- 建立 備份數據的 device USE master EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' --- 開始 備份 BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack 四、說明:建立新表 create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 根據已有的表建立新表: A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊錶建立新表) B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only 五、說明:刪除新表 drop table tabname 六、說明:增長一個列 Alter table tabname add column col type 注:列增長後將不能刪除。DB2中列加上後數據類型也不能改變,惟一能改變的是增長varchar類型的長度。 七、說明:添加主鍵: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) 說明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 八、說明:建立索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) 刪除索引:drop index idxname 注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除從新建。 九、說明:建立視圖:create view viewname as select statement 刪除視圖:drop view viewname 十、說明:幾個簡單的基本的sql語句 選擇:select * from table1 where 範圍 插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) 刪除:delete from table1 where 範圍 更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 範圍 查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的語法很精妙,查資料! 排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 總數:select count as totalcount from table1 求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 十一、說明:幾個高級查詢運算詞 A: UNION 運算符 UNION 運算符經過組合其餘兩個結果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)並消去表中任何重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 UNION 一塊兒使用時(即 UNION ALL),不消除重複行。兩種狀況下,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2。 B: EXCEPT 運算符 EXCEPT 運算符經過包括全部在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一塊兒使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重複行。 C: INTERSECT 運算符 INTERSECT 運算符經過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一塊兒使用時 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重複行。 注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結果行必須是一致的。 十二、說明:使用外鏈接 A、left outer join: 左外鏈接(左鏈接):結果集幾包括鏈接表的匹配行,也包括左鏈接表的全部行。 SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c B:right outer join: 右外鏈接(右鏈接):結果集既包括鏈接表的匹配鏈接行,也包括右鏈接表的全部行。 C:full outer join: 全外鏈接:不只包括符號鏈接表的匹配行,還包括兩個鏈接表中的全部記錄。 2、提高 一、說明:複製表(只複製結構,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) 法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 法二:select top 0 * into b from a 二、說明:拷貝表(拷貝數據,源表名:a 目標表名:b) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; 三、說明:跨數據庫之間表的拷貝(具體數據使用絕對路徑) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具體數據庫' where 條件 例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. 四、說明:子查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) 五、說明:顯示文章、提交人和最後回覆時間 select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b 六、說明:外鏈接查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c 七、說明:在線視圖查詢(表名1:a ) select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; 八、說明:between的用法,between限制查詢數據範圍時包括了邊界值,not between不包括 select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數值1 and 數值2 九、說明:in 的使用方法 select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') 十、說明:兩張關聯表,刪除主表中已經在副表中沒有的信息 delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) 十一、說明:四表聯查問題: select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... 十二、說明:日程安排提早五分鐘提醒 SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f開始時間,getdate())>5 1三、說明:一條sql 語句搞定數據庫分頁 select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段 1四、說明:前10條記錄 select top 10 * form table1 where 範圍 1五、說明:選擇在每一組b值相同的數據中對應的a最大的記錄的全部信息(相似這樣的用法能夠用於論壇每個月排行榜,每個月熱銷產品分析,按科目成績排名,等等.) select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) 1六、說明:包括全部在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表 (select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) 1七、說明:隨機取出10條數據 select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 1八、說明:隨機選擇記錄 select newid() 1九、說明:刪除重複記錄 Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) 20、說明:列出數據庫裏全部的表名 select name from sysobjects where type='U' 2一、說明:列出表裏的全部的 select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') 2二、說明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case能夠方便地實現多重選擇,相似select 中的case。 select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 顯示結果: type vender pcs 電腦 A 1 電腦 A 1 光盤 B 2 光盤 A 2 手機 B 3 手機 C 3 2三、說明:初始化表table1 TRUNCATE TABLE table1 2四、說明:選擇從10到15的記錄 select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc 3、技巧 一、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL語句組合時用的較多 "where 1=1" 是表示選擇所有 "where 1=2"所有不選, 如: if @strWhere !='' begin set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere end else begin set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' end 咱們能夠直接寫成 set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere 二、收縮數據庫 --重建索引 DBCC REINDEX DBCC INDEXDEFRAG --收縮數據和日誌 DBCC SHRINKDB DBCC SHRINKFILE 三、壓縮數據庫 dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) 四、轉移數據庫給新用戶以已存在用戶權限 exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' go 五、檢查備份集 RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' 六、修復數據庫 ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER GO DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK GO ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER GO 七、日誌清除 SET NOCOUNT ON DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, @MaxMinutes INT, @NewSize INT USE tablename -- 要操做的數據庫名 SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日誌文件名 @MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. @NewSize = 1 -- 你想設定的日誌文件的大小(M) -- Setup / initialize DECLARE @OriginalSize int SELECT @OriginalSize = size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName CREATE TABLE DummyTrans (DummyColumn char (8000) not null) DECLARE @Counter INT, @StartTime DATETIME, @TruncLog VARCHAR(255) SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), @TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) EXEC (@TruncLog) -- Wrap the log if necessary. WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize BEGIN -- Outer loop. SELECT @Counter = 0 WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) BEGIN -- update INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') DELETE DummyTrans SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 END EXEC (@TruncLog) END SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName DROP TABLE DummyTrans SET NOCOUNT OFF 八、說明:更改某個表 exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' 九、存儲更改所有表 CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) AS DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR select 'Name' = name, 'Owner' = user_name(uid) from sysobjects where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner order by name OPEN curObject FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) BEGIN if @Owner=@OldOwner begin set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner end -- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner END close curObject deallocate curObject GO 十、SQL SERVER中直接循環寫入數據 declare @i int set @i=1 while @i<30 begin insert into test (userid) values(@i) set @i=@i+1 end 小記存儲過程當中常常用到的本週,本月,本年函數 Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) 上面的SQL代碼只是一個時間段 Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 就是表示本週時間段. 下面的SQL的條件部分,就是查詢時間段在本週範圍內的: Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 而在存儲過程當中 select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
原貼地址http://blog.csdn.net/chen8148/archive/2007/08/14/1741991.aspxsql