深度分享:面試阿里,字節跳動,美團90%會被問到的HashMap知識

一,HashTable

哈希表,它相比於hashMap結構簡單點,它沒有涉及紅黑樹,直接使用鏈表的方式解決哈希衝突。java

咱們看它的字段,和hashMap差很少,使用table存放元素node

private transient Entry<?,?>[] table;
private transient int count;
private int threshold;
private float loadFactor;
private transient int modCount = 0;

它沒有常量字段,默認值是在構造方法裏面直接體現的,咱們看一下無參構造:數組

public Hashtable() {
    this(11, 0.75f);
}

1.get()方法app

根據key得到value函數

public synchronized V get(Object key) {
    Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
//計算下標
    int hash = key.hashCode();
    int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
//遍歷查找,e=e.next
    for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
        if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
            return (V)e.value;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

2.put()方法this

與get()方法相似,也是遍歷table,而後調用addEntry()實現添加。code

public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
    if (value == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException();
    }
    Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
    int hash = key.hashCode();
    int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
//若是已經存在,則覆蓋,返回老的值
    for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
        if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
            V old = entry.value;
            entry.value = value;
            return old;
        }
    }
//不存在,直接添加
    addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
    return null;
}

addEntry()orm

private void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int index) {
    modCount++;
    Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
    if (count >= threshold) {    //大小超過閾值,要擴容
        // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
        rehash();
        tab = table;
        hash = key.hashCode();
        index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
    }
//添加
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) tab[index];
    tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
    count++;
}

注意這裏的手法,直接將新來的節點,放到頭部,這樣就能夠無論後面是否存在節點,都不會出現問題排序

protected Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Entry<K,V> next) {
    this.hash = hash;
    this.key =  key;
    this.value = value;
    this.next = next;
}

二,HashMap

1.常量字段介紹ci

static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16 2的四次方,初始化默認的容量
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30; 最大的容量值
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f; //容量 負載因子,
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;        //鏈表轉換爲數的閾值
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;    //樹轉壞爲鏈表的閾值
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;    //桶中的數據採用紅黑樹存儲時,整個table的最小容量

字段:

transient Node<K,V>[] table; //存儲主幹,節點數組
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
transient int size;        //元素數量
transient int modCount;        //修改次數
//The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
int threshold;  //下一次擴容的大小,
final float loadFactor;    //負載因子

2.構造函數

2.1經常使用的無參構造:

默認構造方法,就直接給負載因子賦值,其餘沒有操做,其餘字段都是默認的。

// Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial 
// capacity (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
public HashMap() {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}

2.2帶初始化容器大小,和負載因子的構造方法:

  首先要判斷傳入參數的正確性,而後賦值。

public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
    if (initialCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                           initialCapacity);
    if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                           loadFactor);
    this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
    this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}

2.3帶集合的構造方法:

傳入一個Map集合,調用put方法進行初始化。

public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
    putMapEntries(m, false);
}

從上面的代碼中能夠看到,在構造方法中並無初始化table,具體的table初始化是在put操做上進行的。

3.添加

3.1 put()

是一個入口方法,實際調用的是putVal()方法,其中經過hash()方法計算了key對應的 值

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
//異或運算,保證存儲位置儘可能均勻分佈。
static final int hash(Object key) {
    int h;
    return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}

具體的putVal()方法,內容很長

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
               boolean evict) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;  //變量初始化,n表示table的長度
    if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)    //容器初始化
        n = (tab = resize()).length;            //經過resize()方法獲取分配空間。
    if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)    //若是新的位置是空的,則直接放入,否者要解決衝突
        tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);        //將value封裝成新的node
    else {    //解決衝突
        Node<K,V> e; K k;
        // 注意p的賦值在 第二個if裏面,它表示的是衝突位置所存放的節點。若是新傳入的節點和當前node的hash和key相同,則下面再處理
        if (p.hash == hash &&
            ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            e = p;
        else if (p instanceof TreeNode)    //基於紅黑樹的插入
            e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
        else {        //基於鏈表的插入
            for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                    p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                        treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                    break;
                }
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    break;
                p = e;
            }
        }
            //更新當前傳入的值到當前node中。返回以前的oldValue
        if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
            V oldValue = e.value;
            if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                e.value = value;
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            return oldValue;
        }
    }
    ++modCount;    //修改次數+1,
    if (++size > threshold)    //空間大小,若是超過了閾值,要擴容
        resize();
    afterNodeInsertion(evict);
    return null;
}

其中涉及的重點方法:resize()方法,返回新分配的空間。

final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
    Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;//獲取老的table空間
    int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; //獲取老的容量
    int oldThr = threshold;    //獲取老的閾值
    int newCap, newThr = 0;
    if (oldCap > 0) {
        if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return oldTab;
        }    //擴容兩倍
        else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                 oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
            newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
    }
    else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold,構造函數指定了閾值
        newCap = oldThr;
    else {               // 第一次初始化 oldCap=0,oldThr=0
        newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;    //默認大小,16
        newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);    //默認計算方法,16*0.75,12
    }
    if (newThr == 0) {    //初始化閾值
        float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
        newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                  (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }
    threshold = newThr;    //將新計算出來的值,賦值
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
        Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; //從新分配空間。
    table = newTab;    //擴容後的空間賦值(此時,空間仍是空的)
    if (oldTab != null) {    //若是老的空間,不是空的,那麼須要元素轉移
        for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {    //遍歷進行轉移
            Node<K,V> e;
            if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {    //將元數取出來
                oldTab[j] = null;
                if (e.next == null)
                    newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                else { // preserve order
                    Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> next;
                    do {
                        next = e.next;
                        if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                            if (loTail == null)
                                loHead = e;
                            else
                                loTail.next = e;
                            loTail = e;
                        }
                        else {
                            if (hiTail == null)
                                hiHead = e;
                            else
                                hiTail.next = e;
                            hiTail = e;
                        }
                    } while ((e = next) != null);
                    if (loTail != null) {
                        loTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j] = loHead;
                    }
                    if (hiTail != null) {
                        hiTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return newTab;
}

4.Node結構

static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
    final int hash;    //節點的hash值
    final K key;        //存入的key值
    V value;            //存放的值
    Node<K,V> next;    //下一個節點
....
}

注意hashMap和LinkedList的區別,後者是雙向的,而hashMap中的Node是單向的。

5.get()操做

public V get(Object key) {
    Node<K,V> e;
    return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value; //代碼內容在這裏
}

調用getNode()方法,計算hash(key)值,經過Hash來得到node

final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
    if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
        //第一個 檢測數組中的hash定位得到第一個Node
        if (first.hash == hash &&((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            return first;
        //第一個不是,那麼就是後續節點中,多是鏈表形式,多是紅黑樹
        if ((e = first.next) != null) {
            if (first instanceof TreeNode) //若是是紅黑樹,經過getTreeNode()方法得到
                return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
            //鏈表形式,直接循環遍歷得到。
            do {
                if (e.hash == hash &&((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    return e;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
        }
    }
    return null;
}

鏈表形式的獲取比較簡單,紅黑樹的得到,咱們放在下面紅黑樹單獨進行介紹。

三,TreeMap

TreeMap和以前的兩個map就不一樣了,它沒有使用哈希表,而是直接使用紅黑樹解決,它的字段只保存了根節點

private final Comparator<? super K> comparator; //排序比較器
private transient Entry<K,V> root;    //根節點
private transient int size = 0;
private transient int modCount = 0;

1.get()

public V get(Object key) {
    Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
    return (p==null ? null : p.value);
}

getEntry()

final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
    // Offload comparator-based version for sake of performance
    if (comparator != null)
        return getEntryUsingComparator(key);
    if (key == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
    Entry<K,V> p = root;
    while (p != null) {
        int cmp = k.compareTo(p.key);
        //左右分流
        if (cmp < 0)
            p = p.left;
        else if (cmp > 0)
            p = p.right;
        else
            return p;
    }
    return null;
}

2.put() 涉及紅黑樹的操做,因此代碼比較長

public V put(K key, V value) {
    Entry<K,V> t = root;
    if (t == null) {
        compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check
 
        root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
        size = 1;
        modCount++;
        return null;
    }
    int cmp;
    Entry<K,V> parent;
    // split comparator and comparable paths
    Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
    if (cpr != null) {
        do {
            parent = t;
            cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
            if (cmp < 0)
                t = t.left;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                t = t.right;
            else
                return t.setValue(value);
        } while (t != null);
    }
    else {
        if (key == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
        do {
            parent = t;
            cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
            if (cmp < 0)
                t = t.left;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                t = t.right;
            else
                return t.setValue(value);
        } while (t != null);
    }
    Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
    if (cmp < 0)
        parent.left = e;
    else
        parent.right = e;
    fixAfterInsertion(e);
    size++;
    modCount++;
    return null;
}

3.remove()

public V remove(Object key) {
    Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
    if (p == null)
        return null;
 
    V oldValue = p.value;
    deleteEntry(p);  //實際方法
    return oldValue;
}

總結:

HashMap表現得更像TreeMap和HashTable的結合體。

最後

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