node
服務器代碼(文末)來介紹其中原理。響應頭 | (經常使用)值 | 說明 |
---|---|---|
Cache-Control | no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, max-age, public, private | 控制瀏覽器是否能夠緩存資源、強制緩存校驗、緩存時間 |
ETag | 文件指紋(hash碼、時間戳等能夠標識文件是否更新) | 強校驗,根據文件內容生成精確 |
Last-Modified | 請求的資源最近更新時間 | 弱校驗, 根據文件修改時間,可能內容未變,不精確 |
Expires | 資源緩存過時時間 | 與響應頭中的 Date 對比 |
請求頭 | 值 | 說明 |
---|---|---|
If-None-Match | 緩存響應頭中的 ETag 值 | 發送給服務器比對文件是否更新(精確) |
If-Modified-Since | 緩存響應頭中的 Last-Modified 值 | 發送給服務器比對文件是否更新(不精確) |
index.htmljavascript
img.pngphp
server.jscss
爲了避免影響閱讀代碼貼在頁尾,注意須要自行安裝 mime
npm包。html
// strategy['no-cache'](req, res, filePath, stat);
// strategy['no-store'](req, res, filePath, stat);
// strategy['cache'](req, res, filePath, stat);
strategy['nothing'](req, res, filePath, stat);
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node server.js
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瀏覽器裏輸入:localhost:8080/index.html前端
Cache-Control: no-store
或
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
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strategy['no-store'](req, res, filePath, stat);
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效果和不設置同樣,只是明確告訴瀏覽器禁止緩存資源。html5
Cache-Control: public
表示一些中間代理、CDN等能夠緩存資源,即使是帶有一些敏感 HTTP 驗證身份信息甚至響應狀態代碼一般沒法緩存的也能夠緩存。一般 public 是非必須的,由於響應頭 max-age 信息已經明確告知能夠緩存了。Cache-Control: private
明確告知此資源只能單個用戶能夠緩存,其餘中間代理不能緩存。原始發起的瀏覽器能夠緩存,中間代理不能緩存。例如:百度搜索時,特定搜索信息只能被髮起請求的瀏覽器緩存。通常緩存機制只做用於 get
請求java
設置響應頭(注意瀏覽器有本身的緩存替換策略,即使資源過時,不必定被瀏覽器刪除。一樣資源未過時,可能因爲緩存空間不足而被其餘網頁新的緩存資源所替換而被刪除。):node
Cache-Control: max-age=1000
響應頭中的 Date
通過 1000s
過時Expires
此時間與本地時間(響應頭中的 Date )對比,小於本地時間表示過時,因爲本地時鐘與服務器時鐘沒法保持一致,致使比較不精確Last-Modified
,瀏覽器隱式的設置資源過時時間爲 (Date - Last-Modified) * 10%
緩存過時時間。設置請求頭:jquery
If-None-Match
若是緩存資源過時,瀏覽器發起請求會自動把原來緩存響應頭裏的 ETag
值設置爲請求頭 If-None-Match
的值發送給服務器用於比較。通常設置爲文件的 hash 碼或其餘標識可以精確判斷文件是否被更新,爲強校驗。If-Modified-Since
一樣對應緩存響應頭裏的 Last-Modified
的值。此值可能取得 ctime 的值,該值可能被修改但文件內容未變,致使對比不許確,爲弱校驗。下面以經常使用設置了 Cache-Control: max-age=100
和 If-None-Match
的圖示說明:webpack
瀏覽器緩存此響應,緩存壽命爲接收到此響應開始計時 100s 。
這裏不清楚爲何,一樣的配置,index.html 文件即使有緩存也 304。
)返回 304 時設置 Age: 0 與不設置效果同樣, 猜想是瀏覽器會自動維護。
有時咱們既想享受緩存帶來的性能優點,可有時又不確認資源內容的更新頻度或是其餘資源的入口,咱們想此服務器資源一旦更新能立馬更新瀏覽器的緩存,這時咱們能夠設置
Cache-Control: no-cache
再次發起請求,不管緩存資源有沒有過時都發起驗證請求,未更新返回 304,不然返回新資源。
如今一些單頁面技術,構建工具十分流行。通常一個 html 文件,每次打包構建工具都會動態默認把衆多腳本樣式文件打包成一個 bundle.hashxxx.js 。雖然一個 js 文件看似減小了 HTTP 請求數量,但對於有些三方庫資源等長期不變的資源能夠拆分出來,並設置長期緩存,充分利用緩存性能優點。這時咱們徹底能夠對常常變更的 html 設置 Cache-Control: no-cahce
實時驗證是否更新。而對於連接在 html 文件的資源名稱均帶上惟一的文件指紋(時間戳、版本號、文件hash等),設置 max-age 足夠大。資源一旦變更即標識碼也會變更,做爲入口的 html 文件外鏈改變,html 變更驗證返回全新的資源,拉取最新的外鏈資源,達到及時更新的效果。老的資源會被瀏覽器緩存替換機制清除。流程以下:
Request URL
爲鍵值(區分大小寫)緩存資源,不一樣的網址提供相同的內容會致使屢次獲取緩存相同的資源。ps:常見的更新緩存的方式:在網址後面來加個 v=1,例如 https://xxx.com?v=1 來更新新的資源,可是這樣的更新方式有極大的弊端。
ETag
:提供資源對比機制。ps:服務器每次驗證文件的話,太耗性能,現代前端構建工具都能自動更新文件hash,不須要設置Tag了,直接設置長緩存時間。
private
,對於公共資源例如 CDN 資源能夠設置 public
。max-age 或 Expires
,對於不常常變更或不變的資源設置儘量大的緩存時間,充分利用緩存性能。no-cache
強制緩存驗證,以確保外鏈資源的及時更新。弊端:
非覆蓋式更新,改變某文件,生成新的文件並更新頁面引用連接一併上傳服務新文件,不影響之前用戶,又能實時更新文件,完美!
問題來了,那我怎麼寫代碼,圖片、CSS、JS等靜態資源怎麼去維護,修改了生成新的文件,更新新的外鏈。。。這就不是人力所能爲了。
前端工程化議題應運而生,歡迎補玉。
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>HTTP Cache</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="img.png" alt="流程圖">
<!-- <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> -->
</body>
</html>
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server.js
let http = require('http');
let url = require('url');
let path = require('path');
let fs = require('fs');
let mime = require('mime');// 非 node 內核包,需 npm install
let crypto = require('crypto');
// 緩存策略
const strategy = {
'nothing': (req, res, filePath) => {
fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res);
},
'no-store': (req, res, filePath, stat) => {
// 禁止緩存
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-store');
// res.setHeader('Cache-Control', ['no-cache', 'no-store', 'must-revalidate']);
// res.setHeader('Expires', new Date(Date.now() + 30 * 1000).toUTCString());
// res.setHeader('Last-Modified', stat.ctime.toGMTString());
fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res);
},
'no-cache': (req, res, filePath, stat) => {
// 強制確認緩存
// res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-cache');
strategy['cache'](req, res, filePath, stat, true);
// fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res);
},
'cache': async (req, res, filePath, stat, revalidate) => {
let ifNoneMatch = req.headers['if-none-match'];
let ifModifiedSince = req.headers['if-modified-since'];
let LastModified = stat.ctime.toGMTString();
let maxAge = 30;
let etag = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// 生成文件 hash
let out = fs.createReadStream(filePath);
let md5 = crypto.createHash('md5');
out.on('data', function (data) {
md5.update(data)
});
out.on('end', function () {
resolve(md5.digest('hex'));
});
});
console.log(etag);
if (ifNoneMatch) {
if (ifNoneMatch == etag) {
console.log('304');
// res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'max-age=' + maxAge);
// res.setHeader('Age', 0);
res.writeHead('304');
res.end();
} else {
// 設置緩存壽命
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'max-age=' + maxAge);
res.setHeader('Etag', etag);
fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res);
}
}
/*else if ( ifModifiedSince ) { if (ifModifiedSince == LastModified) { res.writeHead('304'); res.end(); } else { res.setHeader('Last-Modified', stat.ctime.toGMTString()); fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res); } }*/
else {
// 設置緩存壽命
// console.log('首次響應!');
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'max-age=' + maxAge);
res.setHeader('Etag', etag);
// res.setHeader('Last-Modified', stat.ctime.toGMTString());
revalidate && res.setHeader('Cache-Control', [
'max-age=' + maxAge,
'no-cache'
]);
fs.createReadStream(filePath).pipe(res);
}
}
};
http.createServer((req, res) => {
console.log(new Date().toLocaleTimeString() + ':收到請求')
let {pathname} = url.parse(req.url, true);
let filePath = path.join(__dirname, pathname);
// console.log(filePath);
fs.stat(filePath, (err, stat) => {
if (err) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html');
res.setHeader('404', 'Not Found');
res.end('404 Not Found');
} else {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', mime.getType(filePath));
// strategy['no-cache'](req, res, filePath, stat);
// strategy['no-store'](req, res, filePath, stat);
strategy['cache'](req, res, filePath, stat);
// strategy['nothing'](req, res, filePath, stat);
}
});
})
.on('clientError', (err, socket) => {
socket.end('HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n');
})
.listen(8080);
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標準配置
'use strict';
/** deps */
var path = require('path'),
express = require('express'),
mime = require('express/lib/express').mime,
/** cache values */
ONE_HOUR = 60 * 60,
ONE_WEEK = ONE_HOUR * 24 * 7,
ONE_MONTH = ONE_WEEK * 4,
ONE_YEAR = ONE_MONTH * 12,
/** mime type regexps */
RE_MIME_IMAGE = /^image/,
RE_MIME_FONT = /^(?:application\/(?:font-woff|x-font-ttf|vnd\.ms-fontobject)|font\/opentype)$/,
RE_MIME_DATA = /^(?:text\/(?:cache-manifest|html|xml)|application\/(?:(?:rdf\+)?xml|json))/,
RE_MIME_FEED = /^application\/(?:rss|atom)\+xml$/,
RE_MIME_FAVICON = /^image\/x-icon$/,
RE_MIME_MEDIA = /(image|video|audio|text\/x-component|application\/(?:font-woff|x-font-ttf|vnd\.ms-fontobject)|font\/opentype)/,
RE_MIME_CSSJS = /^(?:text\/(?:css|x-component)|application\/javascript)/,
/** misc regexps */
RE_WWW = /^www\./,
RE_MSIE = /MSIE/,
RE_HIDDEN = /(^|\/)\./,
RE_SRCBAK = /\.(?:bak|config|sql|fla|psd|ini|log|sh|inc|swp|dist)|~/;
// load additional node mime types
mime.load(path.join(__dirname, 'node.types'));
// apply `ServerResponse` patch
require('../patch');
/** * Configures headers layer. * @type {Function} */
module.exports = function (options) {
/** * The actual headers layer, invoked for each request hit. * Applies all h5bp goodness relative to response headers. */
return function headersLayer(req, res, next) {
var url = req.url,
pathname = req.path || '/',
host = req.headers.host,
ua = req.headers['user-agent'],
cc = '',
type;
// Block access to "hidden" directories or files whose names begin with a
// period. This includes directories used by version control systems such as
// Subversion or Git.
// 隱藏文件,403拒絕訪問
if (!options.dotfiles && RE_HIDDEN.test(pathname)) {
next(403);
return;
}
// Block access to backup and source files. These files may be left by some
// text/html editors and pose a great security danger, when anyone can access
// them.
// 備份、源文件,403拒絕訪問
if (RE_SRCBAK.test(pathname)) {
next(403);
return;
}
/** * Suppress or force the "www." at the beginning of URLs */
// The same content should never be available under two different URLs -
// especially not with and without "www." at the beginning, since this can cause
// SEO problems (duplicate content). That's why you should choose one of the
// alternatives and redirect the other one.
// By default option 1 (no "www.") is activated.
// no-www.org/faq.php?q=class_b
// If you'd prefer to use option 2, just comment out all option 1 lines
// and uncomment option 2.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Option 1:
// Rewrite "www.example.com -> example.com".
// 重定向
if (false === options.www && RE_WWW.test(host)) {
res.setHeader('Location', '//' + host.replace(RE_WWW, '') + url);
next(301);
return;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Option 2:
// Rewrite "example.com -> www.example.com".
// Be aware that the following rule might not be a good idea if you use "real"
// subdomains for certain parts of your website.
if (true === options.www && !RE_WWW.test(host)) {
res.setHeader('Location', '//www.' + host.replace(RE_WWW, '') + url);
next(301);
return;
}
/** * Built-in filename-based cache busting */
// If you're not using the build script to manage your filename version revving,
// you might want to consider enabling this, which will route requests for
// /css/style.20110203.css to /css/style.css
// To understand why this is important and a better idea than all.css?v1231,
// read: github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/wiki/cachebusting
req.baseUrl = req.url;
req.url = req.url.replace(/^(.+)\.(\d+)\.(js|css|png|jpg|gif)$/, '$1.$3');
// Headers stuff!!
// Subscribes to the `header` event in order to:
// - let content generator middlewares set the appropriate content-type.
// - "ensures" that `h5bp` is the last to write headers.
res.on('header', function () {
/** * Proper MIME type for all files */
// Here we delegate it to `node-mime` which already does that for us and maintain a list of fresh
// content types.
// https://github.com/broofa/node-mime
type = res.getHeader('Content-Type');
// normalize unknown types to empty string
if (!type || !mime.extension(type.split(';')[0])) {
type = '';
}
/** * Better website experience for IE users */
// Force the latest IE version, in various cases when it may fall back to IE7 mode
// github.com/rails/rails/commit/123eb25#commitcomment-118920
// https://www.cnblogs.com/menyiin/p/6527339.html
// chrome IE殼
if (RE_MSIE.test(ua) && ~type.indexOf('text/html')) {
res.setHeader('X-UA-Compatible', 'IE=Edge,chrome=1');
}
/** * Cross-domain AJAX requests */
// Serve cross-domain Ajax requests, disabled by default.
// enable-cors.org
// code.google.com/p/html5security/wiki/CrossOriginRequestSecurity
// cors 跨域
if (options.cors) {
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
}
/** * CORS-enabled images (@crossorigin) */
// Send CORS headers if browsers request them; enabled by default for images.
// developer.mozilla.org/en/CORS_Enabled_Image
// blog.chromium.org/2011/07/using-cross-domain-images-in-webgl-and.html
// hacks.mozilla.org/2011/11/using-cors-to-load-webgl-textures-from-cross-domain-images/
// wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Reviews/crossoriginAttribute
// 圖片可跨域
if (RE_MIME_IMAGE.test(type)) {
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
}
/** * Webfont access */
// Allow access from all domains for webfonts.
// Alternatively you could only whitelist your
// subdomains like "subdomain.example.com".
// 字體可跨域
if (RE_MIME_FONT.test(type) || '/font.css' == pathname) {
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
}
/** * Expires headers (for better cache control) */
// These are pretty far-future expires headers.
// They assume you control versioning with filename-based cache busting
// Additionally, consider that outdated proxies may miscache
// www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/
// If you don't use filenames to version, lower the CSS and JS to something like
// "access plus 1 week".
// note: we don't use express.static maxAge feature because it does not allow fine tune
// Perhaps better to whitelist expires rules? Perhaps.
// cache.appcache needs re-requests in FF 3.6 (thanks Remy ~Introducing HTML5)
// Your document html
// Data
if (!type || RE_MIME_DATA.test(type)) {
cc = 'public,max-age=0';
}
// Feed
else if (RE_MIME_FEED.test(type)) {
cc = 'public,max-age=' + ONE_HOUR;
}
// Favicon (cannot be renamed)
else if (RE_MIME_FAVICON.test(type)) {
cc = 'public,max-age=' + ONE_WEEK;
}
// Media: images, video, audio
// HTC files (css3pie)
// Webfonts
else if (RE_MIME_MEDIA.test(type)) {
cc = 'public,max-age=' + ONE_MONTH;
}
// CSS and JavaScript
else if (RE_MIME_CSSJS.test(type)) {
cc = 'public,max-age=' + ONE_YEAR;
}
// Misc
else {
cc = 'public,max-age=' + ONE_MONTH;
}
/** * Prevent mobile network providers from modifying your site */
// The following header prevents modification of your code over 3G on some
// European providers.
// This is the official 'bypass' suggested by O2 in the UK.
//no-siteapp
// 禁止網站轉碼
cc += (cc ? ',' : '') + 'no-transform';
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', cc);
/** * ETag removal */
// Since we're sending far-future expires, we don't need ETags for
// static content.
// developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#etags
// 幹掉Tag,避免浪費服務資源,良好的緩存機制既能作到實時正確更新又能儘量利用緩存優點
res.removeHeader('ETag');
/** * Stop screen flicker in IE on CSS rollovers */
// The following directives stop screen flicker in IE on CSS rollovers - in
// combination with the "ExpiresByType" rules for images (see above).
// TODO
/** * Set Keep-Alive Header */
// Keep-Alive allows the server to send multiple requests through one
// TCP-expression. Be aware of possible disadvantages of this setting. Turn on
// if you serve a lot of static content.
// 保持長聯,減小多回三次握手帶來的性能損失,但要有可靠的超時機制
res.setHeader('Connection', 'keep-alive');
/** * Cookie setting from iframes */
// Allow cookies to be set from iframes (for IE only)
// If needed, specify a path or regex in the Location directive.
// TODO
/** * A little more security */
// do we want to advertise what kind of server we're running?
if ('express' == options.server) {
res.removeHeader('X-Powered-By');
}
});
next(null, req, res);
};
};
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