《C# GDI+ 破境之道》:第一境 GDI+基礎 —— 第一節:畫直線

今天正式開一本新書,《C# GDI+ 破鏡之道》,一樣是破鏡之道系列叢書的一分子。html

關於GDI+呢,官方的解釋是這樣的:編程

GDI+ 是 Microsoft Windows 操做系統的窗體子系統應用程序編程接口 (API)。 GDI+ 是負責在屏幕和打印機上顯示的信息。 顧名思義,GDI+ 是包含 GDI 與早期版本的 Windows 圖形設備接口的後續版本。

 好,兩個關鍵信息:app

  1. 窗體子系統應用的編程接口
  2. 圖形設備接口

充分說明了GDI+的應用場景與用途。須要瞭解更多呢,就去查閱一下吧。dom

本書的開始,不打算去解釋一些枯燥的概念,好比什麼是Graphics、Brush、Pen甚至是Color;第一境畢竟是基礎,我打算先帶你們玩兒,等玩兒開了、玩兒嗨了,我們再來總結這些概念,就會至關好理解了。我們就先從最基本的畫元素開始吧:)ide

本節,主要是說道一下如何使用GDI+畫直線。體育老師說了,兩點肯定一條直線,那麼,畫直線的關鍵呢,就是肯定兩個點了。音樂老師也說了,直線呢,是向兩邊無限延長的,木有盡頭。那咱們仍是別挑戰無極限了,因此,我們在這裏說的畫直線呢,實際上是畫線段。函數

這是我創建的一個簡單的WinForm窗體(FormDrawLines)。 擺了幾個按鈕,用來繪製各類不一樣的線條以及展現不一樣線條的特性。this

兩個輔助按鈕,用來切換線條的顏色和窗體是否使用雙緩衝。spa

 1 using System;  2 using System.Collections.Generic;  3 using System.Drawing;  4 using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;  5 using System.Windows.Forms;  6 
 7 public partial class FormDrawLines : Form  8 {  9     private Random random = null; 10     private Color penColor = Color.Transparent; 11     private Point lastMouseDownLocation = Point.Empty; 12     private bool startDrawPointToPointLine = false; 13     private bool startDrawFollowMouseLine = false; 14 
15     public FormDrawLines() 16  { 17  InitializeComponent(); 18         random = new Random(DateTime.Now.Millisecond); 19         penColor = Color.White; 20  } 21 
22 …… 23 
24 }
命名空間引用、私有變量及構造函數

幾個輔助方法,不是本節重點,這裏簡單說明一下用途,一筆帶過:P操作系統

一、獲取畫布中的一個隨機點code

1 private Point GetRandomPoint() 2 { 3     return new Point(random.Next(0, ClientRectangle.Width), random.Next(0, ClientRectangle.Height - pnlToolbox.Height)); 4 }
獲取隨機點 —— GetRandomPoint

二、顯示信息,其中,lblInformation爲一個Label控件。

1 private void ShowInformation(string message) 2 { 3     lblInformation.Text = message; 4 }
顯示信息 —— ShowInformation

三、切換線條顏色,其中,colors爲ColorDialog組件。

1 private void btnChangePenColor_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) 2 { 3     if (colors.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.OK) 4  { 5         penColor = colors.Color; 6  } 7 }
切換線條顏色 —— btnChangePenColor_Click

四、切換是否使用雙緩衝

1 private void btnSwitchDoubleBuffered_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) 2 { 3     DoubleBuffered = !DoubleBuffered; 4 
5     ShowInformation($"二級緩衝:{DoubleBuffered}。"); 6 }
切換是否使用雙緩衝 —— btnSwitchDoubleBuffered_Click

下面是本節的重點:

一、隨機畫線

 1 private void btnDrawRandomLine_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  2 {  3     var pointA = GetRandomPoint();  4     var pointB = GetRandomPoint();  5 
 6     using (var g = CreateGraphics())  7     using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 2f))  8  {  9  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 10  g.DrawLine(pen, pointA, pointB); 11  } 12 
13     ShowInformation($"畫隨機線,{pointA}->{pointB}。"); 14 }
隨機畫線 —— btnDrawRandomLine_Click

g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 是用來清屏的。

關鍵方法是

//
// Summary: // Draws a line connecting two System.Drawing.Point structures. //
// Parameters: // pen: // System.Drawing.Pen that determines the color, width, and style of the line. //
// pt1: // System.Drawing.Point structure that represents the first point to connect. //
// pt2: // System.Drawing.Point structure that represents the second point to connect. //
// Exceptions: // T:System.ArgumentNullException: // pen is null.
public void DrawLine(Pen pen, Point pt1, Point pt2);
Graphics.DrawLine 方法原型

這是畫線的最基礎方法,給一根筆、兩個點,就能夠在畫布上做畫了:)

  • 筆,決定了線的顏色及粗細;
  • 兩點,決定了線的位置及長度;

應該不難理解。

二、消除鋸齒

經過「隨機畫線」,咱們發現,畫出的線邊緣鋸齒狀嚴重,垂直和水平線還好,帶點角度就慘不忍睹了。還好,GDI+爲咱們提供了一系列消除鋸齒的選項,雖然有時也很難差強人意,不過總的來講仍是能夠接受的。

 1 private void btnDrawSmoothLine_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  2 {  3     var pointA = GetRandomPoint();  4     var pointB = GetRandomPoint();  5     var mode = (SmoothingMode)(random.Next(0, 5));  6 
 7     using (var g = CreateGraphics())  8     using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 2f))  9  { 10  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 11         g.SmoothingMode = mode; 12  g.DrawLine(pen, pointA, pointB); 13  } 14 
15     ShowInformation($"消除鋸齒,{pointA}->{pointB},模式:{mode.ToString()}。"); 16 }
消除鋸齒 —— btnDrawSmoothLine_Click

關鍵點在於g.SmoothingMode = mode;爲了儘可能多的展現平滑模式帶來的效果,mode來自於System.Drawing.Drawing2D.SmoothingMode的隨機取值;

 1 //
 2 // Summary:  3 // Specifies whether smoothing (antialiasing) is applied to lines and curves and  4 // the edges of filled areas.
 5 public enum SmoothingMode  6 {  7     //
 8     // Summary:  9     // Specifies an invalid mode.
10     Invalid = -1, 11     //
12     // Summary: 13     // Specifies no antialiasing.
14     Default = 0, 15     //
16     // Summary: 17     // Specifies no antialiasing.
18     HighSpeed = 1, 19     //
20     // Summary: 21     // Specifies antialiased rendering.
22     HighQuality = 2, 23     //
24     // Summary: 25     // Specifies no antialiasing.
26     None = 3, 27     //
28     // Summary: 29     // Specifies antialiased rendering.
30     AntiAlias = 4
31 }
System.Drawing.Drawing2D.SmoothingMode

嚴格來說,消除鋸齒並不屬於畫線的範疇,在畫其餘圖形元素時一樣有效,他歸屬於GDI+的2D渲染質量,指定是否將平滑(抗鋸齒)應用於直線和曲線以及填充區域的邊緣。這一點,須要明確。

 三、畫虛線

 1 private void btnDrawDashLine_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  2 {  3     var pointA = GetRandomPoint();  4     var pointB = GetRandomPoint();  5     var style = (DashStyle)(random.Next(1, 5));  6 
 7     using (var g = CreateGraphics())  8     using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 2f))  9  { 10  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 11         g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality; 12         pen.DashStyle = style; 13  g.DrawLine(pen, pointA, pointB); 14  } 15 
16     ShowInformation($"畫虛線,{pointA}->{pointB},樣式:{style.ToString()}。"); 17 }
畫虛線 —— btnDrawDashLine_Click

畫虛線的關鍵點在於制定筆的樣式:pen.DashStyle = style;一樣,爲了多展現集中樣式,style取了枚舉的隨機值;

//
// Summary: // Specifies the style of dashed lines drawn with a System.Drawing.Pen object.
public enum DashStyle { //
    // Summary: // Specifies a solid line.
    Solid = 0, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a line consisting of dashes.
    Dash = 1, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a line consisting of dots.
    Dot = 2, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a line consisting of a repeating pattern of dash-dot.
    DashDot = 3, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a line consisting of a repeating pattern of dash-dot-dot.
    DashDotDot = 4, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a user-defined custom dash style.
    Custom = 5 }
System.Drawing.Drawing2D.DashStyle

沒有取0和5,Solid = 0爲實線,Custom = 5爲自定義樣式,咱們在第一境裏先不介紹這類自定義的用法,容易玩兒不嗨……

四、畫線冒

這是一個很樸實的需求,好比我想畫一個鏈接線,一頭帶箭頭,或者兩頭都帶箭頭,又或者一頭是圓點另外一頭是箭頭等。常常被問到,其實在GDI+中,很是容易實現,甚至還能夠指定虛線的線冒,可愛:)

 1 private void btnDrawLineCap_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  2 {  3     var pointA = GetRandomPoint();  4     var pointB = GetRandomPoint();  5     var style = (DashStyle)(random.Next(0, 6));  6     var lineCaps = new List<int> { 0, 1, 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 240 };  7     var dashCaps = new List<int> { 0, 2, 3 };  8     var startCap = (LineCap)lineCaps[random.Next(0, 10)];  9     var endCap = (LineCap)lineCaps[random.Next(0, 10)]; 10     var dashCap = (DashCap)dashCaps[random.Next(0, 3)]; 11 
12     using (var g = CreateGraphics()) 13     using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 4f)) 14  { 15  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 16         g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality; 17         pen.DashStyle = style; 18  pen.SetLineCap(startCap, endCap, dashCap); 19  g.DrawLine(pen, pointA, pointB); 20  } 21 
22     ShowInformation($"畫線冒,{pointA}->{pointB},起點線冒:{startCap.ToString()},終點線冒:{endCap.ToString()},虛線冒:{dashCap.ToString()},線條樣式:{style.ToString()}。"); 23 }
畫線冒 —— btnDrawLineCap_Click

關鍵點在於pen.SetLineCap(startCap, endCap, dashCap);一樣,startCap, endCap分別取了System.Drawing.Drawing2D.LineCap的隨機值;dashCap取了System.Drawing.Drawing2D.DashCap的隨機值;

//
// Summary: // Specifies the available cap styles with which a System.Drawing.Pen object can // end a line.
public enum LineCap { //
    // Summary: // Specifies a flat line cap.
    Flat = 0, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a square line cap.
    Square = 1, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a round line cap.
    Round = 2, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a triangular line cap.
    Triangle = 3, //
    // Summary: // Specifies no anchor.
    NoAnchor = 16, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a square anchor line cap.
    SquareAnchor = 17, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a round anchor cap.
    RoundAnchor = 18, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a diamond anchor cap.
    DiamondAnchor = 19, //
    // Summary: // Specifies an arrow-shaped anchor cap.
    ArrowAnchor = 20, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a mask used to check whether a line cap is an anchor cap.
    AnchorMask = 240, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a custom line cap.
    Custom = 255 }
System.Drawing.Drawing2D.LineCap
//
// Summary: // Specifies the type of graphic shape to use on both ends of each dash in a dashed // line.
public enum DashCap { //
    // Summary: // Specifies a square cap that squares off both ends of each dash.
    Flat = 0, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a circular cap that rounds off both ends of each dash.
    Round = 2, //
    // Summary: // Specifies a triangular cap that points both ends of each dash.
    Triangle = 3 }
System.Drawing.Drawing2D.DashCap

一樣,咱們也能夠經過分別設置pen的StartCap、EndCap、DashCap屬性來達到相同目的;

 

好了,到這裏呢,關於線的基本畫法就已經所有介紹完了,感受有點EZ? BORED?那麼咱們就來利用現有的知識,耍個花活?

五、點點連線

這裏比簡單的畫線,稍微複雜一點點,須要兩個事件配合:

 1 private void btnDrawPointToPointLine_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  2 {  3     startDrawPointToPointLine = true;  4     lastMouseDownLocation = Point.Empty;  5 
 6     using (var g = CreateGraphics())  7  {  8  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace);  9  } 10 
11     ShowInformation($"點點連線,等待起點(鼠標單擊畫布內任意位置)。"); 12 }
點點連線 —— btnDrawPointToPointLine_Click
 1 private void FormDrawLines_MouseDown(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)  2 {  3     if (startDrawPointToPointLine)  4  {  5         if (Point.Empty.Equals(lastMouseDownLocation))  6  {  7             lastMouseDownLocation = e.Location;  8             ShowInformation($"點點連線,起點:{lastMouseDownLocation},等待終點(鼠標單擊畫布內任意位置)。");  9  } 10         else
11  { 12             using (var g = CreateGraphics()) 13             using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 2f)) 14  { 15  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace); 16                 g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality; 17  g.DrawLine(pen, lastMouseDownLocation, e.Location); 18  } 19 
20             ShowInformation($"點點連線,{lastMouseDownLocation}->{e.Location}。"); 21 
22             startDrawPointToPointLine = false; 23             lastMouseDownLocation = Point.Empty; 24  } 25  } 26 }
點點連線 —— FormDrawLines_MouseDown

原理很簡單,當咱們點擊「點點連線」按鈕的時候,激活標記位startDrawPointToPointLine、歸位lastMouseDownLocation,並提示須要鼠標操做,選擇一個起始點;

 

當咱們在畫布區域內單擊一個下,就觸發了FormDrawLines_MouseDown事件, 它會判斷,當startDrawPointToPointLine處於激活狀態而且lastMouseDownLocation處於原位時,它就把鼠標的當前位置賦值給lastMouseDownLocation,做爲線段的起始點位置,並提示須要鼠標操做,選擇一個終點;

當咱們再次在畫布區域內單擊一個下,就又觸發了FormDrawLines_MouseDown事件, 它會判斷,當startDrawPointToPointLine處於激活狀態而且lastMouseDownLocation不處於原位時,它就把鼠標的當前位置做爲線段的終點位置,並畫出線段;而後就是恢復startDrawPointToPointLine爲未激活狀態,並歸位 lastMouseDownLocation;

恐怕要很是適應這種多事件配合的方式了,由於鼠標跟隨也是多事件配合一塊兒玩兒的:P

六、鼠標跟隨

在點點連線的基礎上,咱們把標記位換成了startDrawFollowMouseLine;同時,增長了FormDrawLines_MouseMove事件;

 1 private void FormDrawLines_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)  2 {  3     if (startDrawFollowMouseLine && !Point.Empty.Equals(lastMouseDownLocation))  4  {  5         using (var g = CreateGraphics())  6         using (var pen = new Pen(penColor, 2f))  7  {  8  g.Clear(SystemColors.AppWorkspace);  9             g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality; 10  g.DrawLine(pen, lastMouseDownLocation, e.Location); 11  } 12 
13         ShowInformation($"鼠標跟隨,{lastMouseDownLocation}->{e.Location}。"); 14  } 15 }
鼠標跟隨 —— FormDrawLines_MouseMove

原理也不難,就是在選了起點之後,鼠標的移動事件會把鼠標的當前位置做爲終點,重繪線段,以達到跟隨的效果;因爲截圖也看不出動態效果,就不上圖了,有興趣的童鞋能夠Run代碼看看效果:)

 

Okay,關於GDI+畫線的部分,咱們就到此告一段落了。

 

篇外話

這裏涉及了座標系,美術老師說:

橫座標,座標原點左爲負,座標原點右爲正,從左到右愈來愈大;

縱座標,座標原點下爲負,座標原點上爲正,從下到上愈來愈大;

可是在GDI+的世界座標系裏,縱座標的描述正好相反;而且座標原點初始時在畫布的左上角,而不是畫布的中央; 用心體會一下:)

 

 

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原文出處:https://www.cnblogs.com/mikecheers/p/12329610.html

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