async-await原理解析

    在用async包裹的方法體中,可使用await關鍵字以同步的方式編寫異步調用的代碼。那麼它的內部實現原理是什麼樣的呢?咱們是否能夠自定義await以實現定製性的需求呢?先來看一個簡單的例子:異步

 1     class Test {
 2         public static void Main (string[] args) {
 3             Task.Run (new Func<Task<string>>(task1));
 4             Console.ReadLine ();
 5         }
 6 
 7         private async static Task<string> task1() {
 8             string ret = await task2 ();
 9             Console.WriteLine ("Await Task Result:" + ret);
10             return ret;
11         }
12 
13         private static Task<string> task2() {
14             return Task.FromResult<string> ("Task2");
15         }
16     }

    經過ILSpy反編譯(要關閉"視圖-選項-反編譯await/async"菜單項),獲得以下代碼:async

 1     internal class Test
 2     {
 3         [CompilerGenerated]
 4         [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Auto)]
 5         private struct <task1>d__0 : IAsyncStateMachine
 6         {
 7             public int <>1__state;
 9             public AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<string> <>t__builder; 
11             public string <ret>5__1;
13             private TaskAwaiter<string> <>u__$awaiter2;
15             private object <>t__stack;
16 
17             void IAsyncStateMachine.MoveNext()
18             {
19                 string result;
20                 try
21                 {
22                     int num = this.<>1__state;
23                     if (num != -3)
24                     {
25                         TaskAwaiter<string> taskAwaiter;
26                         if (num != 0)
27                         {
28                             taskAwaiter = Test.task2().GetAwaiter();
29                             if (!taskAwaiter.IsCompleted)
30                             {
31                                 this.<>1__state = 0;
32                                 this.<>u__$awaiter2 = taskAwaiter;
33                                 this.<>t__builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted<TaskAwaiter<string>, Test.<task1>d__0>(ref taskAwaiter, ref this);
34                                 return;
35                             }
36                         }
37                         else
38                         {
39                             taskAwaiter = this.<>u__$awaiter2;
40                             this.<>u__$awaiter2 = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
41                             this.<>1__state = -1;
42                         }
43                         string arg_86_0 = taskAwaiter.GetResult();
44                         taskAwaiter = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
45                         string text = arg_86_0;
46                         this.<ret>5__1 = text;
47                         Console.WriteLine("Await Task Result:" + this.<ret>5__1);
48                         result = this.<ret>5__1;
49                     }
50                 }
51                 catch (Exception exception)
52                 {
53                     this.<>1__state = -2;
54                     this.<>t__builder.SetException(exception);
55                     return;
56                 }
57                 this.<>1__state = -2;
58                 this.<>t__builder.SetResult(result);
59             }
60 
61             [DebuggerHidden]
62             void IAsyncStateMachine.SetStateMachine(IAsyncStateMachine param0)
63             {
64                 this.<>t__builder.SetStateMachine(param0);
65             }
66         }
67 
68         public static void Main(string[] args)
69         {
70             Task.Run<string>(new Func<Task<string>>(Test.task1));
71             Console.ReadLine();
72         }
73 
74         [DebuggerStepThrough, AsyncStateMachine(typeof(Test.<task1>d__0))]
75         private static Task<string> task1()
76         {
77             Test.<task1>d__0 <task1>d__;
78             <task1>d__.<>t__builder = AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<string>.Create();
79             <task1>d__.<>1__state = -1;
80             AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<string> <>t__builder = <task1>d__.<>t__builder;
81             <>t__builder.Start<Test.<task1>d__0>(ref <task1>d__);
82             return <task1>d__.<>t__builder.Task;
83         }
84 
85         private static Task<string> task2()
86         {
87             return Task.FromResult<string>("Task2");
88         }
89     }

     按照代碼的調用順序,咱們關注下task1()的內部實現。源碼分析

    首先是初始化結構體<task1>d_0的實例<task1>d__。那麼<task1>d__0是個什麼東東呢?由編譯器的生成代碼中能夠看到,它是一個實現了IAsyncStateMachine接口的結構體,而用戶代碼則被編譯器從新組織進了MoveNext()方法中。<task1>d__0有個內部狀態成員<>1__state,MoveNext()方法根據這個狀態調轉到相應的代碼塊中加以執行。ui

    瞭解了<task1>d__0的聲明實現,再看下task1()方法中的具體調用。在建立實例<task1>d__以後,設置初始狀態<>1__state爲-1,並調用<>t__builder的Start方法。不難推斷,在Start方法中會調用<task1>d__.MoveNext(),此時內部狀態爲-1,會先調用Test.task2().GetAwaiter()獲取其所關聯的TaskAwaiter實例。若是awaiter當前是未結束的話,則設置<>1__state爲0,並將當前<task1>d__做爲參數關聯到TaskAwaiter實例的onCompletedContinuation回調延續中去。當將來某個時刻,TaskAwaiter所關聯的Task任務結束時,會設置awaiter的異步結果並觸發回調延續,致使調用<task1>d__.MoveNext()方法,並最終跳轉到用戶代碼塊中,獲取awaiter的異步結果並交由用戶代碼處理。這個回調,基於Task.ConfigureAwait(true/false)的不一樣,會在後續切換到當前線程或是從線程池中取了一個空閒線程來處理(更細節可參考.net源碼分析)。this

    這裏要順便提一句,在本例中,經過Task.Run建立了taskX1,await以後的代碼與taskX1沒有任何關係,從編譯器生成的代碼來看,在調用task1()方法並調用<task1>d__.Start()方法以後taskX便結束了,雖然task1()方法返回了新的Task<string>實例,可是隻是特定類型的返回值而已,與taskX1或Task沒有任何關係。spa

    由以上分析能夠看到,async/await只是一個語法糖,async告知編譯器要生成狀態機代碼,await則是配合生成GetAwaiter(),並封裝跳轉的用戶代碼塊。除此以外,async/await與Task沒有任何直接關係。而TaskAwaiter的做用,是實現INotifyCompletion(在System.Runtime.CompilerServices命名空間)以橋接異步回調過程。那麼第二個自定義await的問題便一目瞭然了:任何類型,只須要實現GetAwaiter()方法以返回INotifyCompletion實例,即可以被await。.net

    舉個例子:線程

 1     class TestAwaiter<T> : INotifyCompletion {
 2         private T result;
 3         private Action continuation;
 4 
 5         // INotifyCompletion Implement
 6         public void OnCompleted(Action continuation) { this.continuation = continuation; }
 7 
 8         // Compiler Call Methods
 9         public bool IsCompleted { get; private set; }
10         public T GetResult() { return result; }
11         public TestAwaiter<T> GetAwaiter() { return this; }

// Self Call Methods
12 public void SetResult(T ret) { 13 result = ret; 14 if (continuation != null) { 15 continuation (); 16 } 17 } 18 } 19 20 class Test { 21 public static void Main (string[] args) { 22 Task.Run (new Action(task1)); 23 Console.ReadLine (); 24 } 25 26 private async static void task1() { 27 Console.WriteLine ("Begin await:"); 28 int ret = await testAwaiter (); 29 Console.WriteLine ("Await Task Result:" + ret); 30 } 31 32 private static TestAwaiter<int> testAwaiter() { 33 TestAwaiter<int> awaiter = new TestAwaiter<int> (); 34 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem (_ => { 35 Thread.Sleep(3000); 36 awaiter.SetResult (100); 37 }); 38 return awaiter; 39 } 40 }

    這裏沒有再定義單獨的類型以返回TestAwaiter,而是把兩者都封裝在了TestAwaiter內部。運行結果以下:code

    Begin await:blog

    Await Task Result:100

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