Python 的 raise
和 raise from
之間的區別是什麼?html
try: print(1 / 0) except Exception as exc: raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")
輸出:python
Traceback (most recent call last): File "test4.py", line 2, in <module> print(1 / 0) ZeroDivisionError: division by zero During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test4.py", line 4, in <module> raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") RuntimeError: Something bad happened
而 raise from
:app
try: print(1 / 0) except Exception as exc: raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc
輸出:code
Traceback (most recent call last): File "test4.py", line 2, in <module> print(1 / 0) ZeroDivisionError: division by zero The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test4.py", line 4, in <module> raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc RuntimeError: Something bad happened
不一樣之處在於,from
會爲異常對象設置 __cause__
屬性代表異常的是由誰直接引發的。htm
處理異常時發生了新的異常,在不使用 from
時更傾向於新異常與正在處理的異常沒有關聯。而 from
則是能指出新異常是因舊異常直接引發的。這樣的異常之間的關聯有助於後續對異常的分析和排查。from
語法會有個限制,就是第二個表達式必須是另外一個異常類或實例。對象
若是在異常處理程序或 finally
塊中引起異常,默認狀況下,異常機制會隱式工做會將先前的異常附加爲新異常的 __context__
屬性。get
固然,也能夠經過 with_traceback()
方法爲異常設置上下文 __context__
屬性,這也能在 traceback
更好的顯示異常信息。it
raise Exception("foo occurred").with_traceback(tracebackobj)
from 還有個特別的用法:raise ... from None
,它經過設置 __suppress_context__
屬性指定來明確禁止異常關聯:io
try: print(1 / 0) except Exception as exc: raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None
輸出:ast
Traceback (most recent call last): File "test4.py", line 4, in <module> raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None RuntimeError: Something bad happened
在異常處理程序或 finally
塊中引起異常,Python 會爲異常設置上下文,能夠手動經過 with_traceback()
設置其上下文,或者經過 from
來指定異常因誰引發的。這些手段都是爲了獲得更友好的異常回溯信息,打印清晰的異常上下文。若要忽略上下文,則能夠經過 raise ... from None
來禁止自動顯示異常上下文。