【數據結構】24_單鏈表的遍歷與優化

問題：如何遍歷單鏈表中的每個元素?

當前單鏈表的遍歷方法

LinkList<int> list;
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
{
    list.insert(0, i);
}
for (int i=0; i<list.length(); ++i)
{
    cout << list.get(i) << endl;
}

• 遺憾的事實：

  • 不能以線性的時間複雜度完成單鏈表的遍歷

• 新的需求

  • 爲單鏈表提供新的方法，在線性時間內完成遍歷

設計思路（遊標）

• 在單鏈表的內部定義一個遊標(Node *m_current)
• 遍歷開始前將遊標指向位置爲0的數據元素
• 獲取遊標指向的數據元素
• 經過結點的 next 指針移動遊標

提供一組遍歷相關的函數，以線性的時間複雜度遍歷鏈表。

函數	功能說明
move()	將遊標定位到目標位置
next()	移動遊標
current()	獲取遊標所指向的數據元素
end()	遊標是否到達尾部（是否爲空）

遍歷函數原型設計

• bool move(int i, int step = 1);
• bool end();
• T current();
• bool next();

編程實驗：單鏈表的遍歷

文件：LinkList.h

#ifndef LINKLIST_H
#define LINKLIST_H

#include "List.h"
#include "Exception.h"

namespace DTLib
{

template <typename T>
class LinkList : public List<T>
{
public:
    LinkList()
    {
        m_header.next = nullptr;
        m_length      = 0;

        m_step        = 1;
        m_current     = nullptr;
    }

    bool insert(const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        return insert(m_length, e);
    }

    bool insert(int i, const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i <= m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            Node *node = new Node();
            if (node != nullptr)
            {
                Node *current = position(i);

                node->value = e;
                node->next = current->next;
                current->next = node;

                ++m_length;
            }
            else
            {
                THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to insert new element ...");
            }
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool remove(int i) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            Node *current = position(i);

            Node *toDel = current->next;
            current->next = toDel->next;
            delete toDel;

            --m_length;

        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool set(int i, const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            position(i)->next->value = e;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    T get(int i) const  // O(n)
    {
        T ret;

        if (!get(i, ret))
        {
            THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Invalid parameter i to get element ...");
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool get(int i, T &e) const override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            e = position(i)->next->value;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    int  find(const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        int ret = -1;

        int i = 0;
        Node *node = m_header.next;
        while (node)
        {
            if (node->value == e)
            {
                ret = i;
                break;
            }
            else
            {
                node = node->next;
                ++i;
            }
        }

        return ret;
    }

    int length() const  // O(1)
    {
        return m_length;
    }

    void clear()  // O(n)
    {
        while (m_header.next)
        {
            Node *toDel = m_header.next;
            m_header.next = toDel->next;
            delete toDel;

            --m_length;
        }
    }

    bool move(int i, int step = 1)  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length) && (step > 0));

        if (ret)
        {
            m_current = position(i)->next;
            m_step = step;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool end()  // O(1)
    {
        return (m_current == nullptr);
    }

    T current()  // O(1)
    {
        if (!end())
        {
            return m_current->value;
        }
        else
        {
             THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidOpertionExcetion, " No value at current posotion ...");
        }
    }

    bool next()  // O(n)
    {
        int i = 0;

        while ((i < m_step) && !end())
        {
            m_current = m_current->next;
            ++i;
        }

        return (i == m_step);
    }

    ~LinkList()  // O(n)
    {
        clear();
    }

protected:
    struct Node : public Object
    {
        T value;
        Node *next;
    };

    mutable struct : public Object
    {
        char reserved[sizeof (T)];
        Node *next;
    }m_header;

    int m_length;
    int m_step;
    Node *m_current;

    Node *position(int i) const  // O(n)
    {
        Node *ret = reinterpret_cast<Node*>(&m_header);

        for (int p=0; p<i; ++p)
        {
            ret = ret->next;
        }

        return ret;
    }
};

}

#endif // LINKLIST_H

文件：main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "LinkList.h"

using namespace std;
using namespace DTLib;


int main()
{
    cout << "main begin" << endl;

    LinkList<int> list;

    for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
    {
        list.insert(0, i);
    }

    for (list.move(0); !list.end(); list.next())
    {
        cout << list.current() << endl;
    }

    cout << "main end" << endl;

    return 0;
}

輸出：

main begin
4
3
2
1
0
main end

單鏈表內部的一次封裝

virtual Node *create()
{
    return new Node();
}

virtual void destory(Node *pn)
{
    delete pn;
}

編程實驗：內部的封裝

LinkList.h

#ifndef LINKLIST_H
#define LINKLIST_H

#include "List.h"
#include "Exception.h"

namespace DTLib
{

template <typename T>
class LinkList : public List<T>
{
public:
    LinkList()
    {
        m_header.next = nullptr;
        m_length      = 0;

        m_step        = 0;
        m_current     = nullptr;
    }

    bool insert(const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        return insert(m_length, e);
    }

    bool insert(int i, const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i <= m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            Node *node = create();
            if (node != nullptr)
            {
                Node *current = position(i);

                node->value = e;
                node->next = current->next;
                current->next = node;

                ++m_length;
            }
            else
            {
                THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to insert new element ...");
            }
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool remove(int i) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            Node *current = position(i);

            Node *toDel = current->next;
            current->next = toDel->next;
            destroy(toDel);

            --m_length;

        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool set(int i, const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            position(i)->next->value = e;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    T get(int i) const  // O(n)
    {
        T ret;

        if (!get(i, ret))
        {
            THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Invalid parameter i to get element ...");
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool get(int i, T &e) const override  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length));

        if (ret)
        {
            e = position(i)->next->value;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    int  find(const T &e) override  // O(n)
    {
        int ret = -1;

        int i = 0;
        Node *node = m_header.next;
        while (node)
        {
            if (node->value == e)
            {
                ret = i;
                break;
            }
            else
            {
                node = node->next;
                ++i;
            }
        }

        return ret;
    }

    int length() const  // O(1)
    {
        return m_length;
    }

    void clear()  // O(n)
    {
        while (m_header.next)
        {
            Node *toDel = m_header.next;
            m_header.next = toDel->next;
            destroy(toDel);

            --m_length;
        }
    }

    bool move(int i, int step = 1)  // O(n)
    {
        bool ret = ((0 <= i) && (i < m_length) && (step > 0));

        if (ret)
        {
            m_current = position(i)->next;
            m_step = step;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    bool end()  // O(1)
    {
        return (m_current == nullptr);
    }

    T current()  // O(1)
    {
        if (!end())
        {
            return m_current->value;
        }
        else
        {
             THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidOpertionExcetion, " No value at current posotion ...");
        }
    }

    bool next()  // O(n)
    {
        int i = 0;

        while ((i < m_step) && !end())
        {
            m_current = m_current->next;
            ++i;
        }

        return (i == m_step);
    }

    ~LinkList()  // O(n)
    {
        clear();
    }

protected:
    struct Node : public Object
    {
        T value;
        Node *next;
    };

    mutable struct : public Object
    {
        char reserved[sizeof (T)];
        Node *next;
    }m_header;

    int m_length;
    int m_step;
    Node *m_current;

    Node *position(int i) const  // O(n)
    {
        Node *ret = reinterpret_cast<Node*>(&m_header);

        for (int p=0; p<i; ++p)
        {
            ret = ret->next;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    virtual Node *create()
    {
        return new Node();
    }

    virtual void destroy(Node *pn)
    {
        delete pn;
    }
};

}

#endif // LINKLIST_H

問題：封裝 create 和 destroy 函數的意義是什麼？

To be continued...

小結

• 單鏈表的遍歷須要在線性時間內完成
• 在單鏈表內部定義遊標變量，經過遊標變量提升效率
• 遍歷相關的成員函數是相互依賴，相互配合的關係
• 封裝結點的申請和刪除操做更有利於加強擴展性

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