在平常項目開發中,異常拋出和捕獲是再日常不過的事情。經過try-catch咱們能夠方便的捕獲異常,同時經過查看異常堆棧咱們能發現拋出異常代碼的位置。ide
例以下面這段代碼:spa
1 using System; 2 using System.IO; 3 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 4 using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 5 6 namespace ExamplesProject 7 { 8 class Program 9 { 10 static int m = 0; 11 static void Main(string[] args) 12 { 13 try 14 { 15 int a = 10, b = 0; 16 Console.WriteLine(a / b); 17 } 18 catch (Exception ex) 19 { 20 Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString()); 21 } 22 23 Console.ReadLine(); 24 } 25 } 26 }
這段代碼很是簡單,運行後他拋出了以下異常:code
System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at ExamplesProject.Program.Main(String[] args) in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 16
沒有問題,堆棧信息明確指出了拋出異常的位置,也正是除零異常發生的位置。對象
假如由於種種緣由,須要把main方法的代碼邏輯抽取到另外的方法裏,像下面這樣:blog
1 using System; 2 using System.IO; 3 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 4 using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 5 6 namespace ExamplesProject 7 { 8 class Program 9 { 10 static int m = 0; 11 static void Main(string[] args) 12 { 13 try 14 { 15 Divide(); 16 } 17 catch (Exception ex) 18 { 19 Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString()); 20 } 21 22 Console.ReadLine(); 23 } 24 25 public static void Divide() 26 { 27 try 28 { 29 int a = 10, b = 0; 30 Console.WriteLine(a / b); 31 } 32 catch (Exception ex) 33 { 34 throw ex; 35 } 36 } 37 } 38 }
這段代碼乍一看,好像也沒有什麼問題,divide的方法本身捕獲並從新拋出了異常。開發
再來看一下異常信息:string
System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 34 at ExamplesProject.Program.Main(String[] args) in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 15
異常堆棧顯示,拋出異常的方法是Divide(),異常代碼位置是34行。可這裏並非異常真正的發生位置,真正的異常位置是第30行。it
發生了什麼??爲何不是第30行。io
再來看一個例子。class
假如業務變複雜了,代碼又嵌套了一層。調用關係變複雜了,main()->divide()->divide1()。
1 using System; 2 using System.IO; 3 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 4 using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 5 6 namespace ExamplesProject 7 { 8 class Program 9 { 10 static int m = 0; 11 static void Main(string[] args) 12 { 13 try 14 { 15 Divide(); 16 } 17 catch (Exception ex) 18 { 19 Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString()); 20 } 21 22 Console.ReadLine(); 23 } 24 25 public static void Divide() 26 { 27 try 28 { 29 Divide1(); 30 } 31 catch (Exception ex) 32 { 33 throw ex; 34 } 35 } 36 37 public static void Divide1() 38 { 39 try 40 { 41 int a = 10, b = 0; 42 Console.WriteLine(a / b); 43 } 44 catch (Exception ex) 45 { 46 throw ex; 47 } 48 } 49 } 50 }
運行代碼,拋出以下異常:
System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 33 at ExamplesProject.Program.Main(String[] args) in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 15
爲何異常位置是33行,而不是42行呢。代碼嵌套的越深,錯誤隱藏的越深。若是是在大型系統中,將很難發現錯誤的真正位置。
做者就犯過這樣的錯誤啊。問題到底在哪裏呢?
問題的根源是,以上代碼拋出的異常並無體現層次關係,或者說異常的嵌套關係。理論上講,divide1()方法中catch捕獲到的異常爲最內層異常,catch捕獲後處理完,若是要向上層拋出,應該從新實例化一個新的異常對象,並將當前異常做爲其innerException, 再向上拋出。以此類推,divide()方法捕獲處理後若是要拋出異常也應該這樣作。這樣最外層的main方法catch到的異常纔是完整的異常,天然包含完整的堆棧信息,錯誤定位就是精準的。
改造後的例子:
1 using System; 2 using System.IO; 3 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; 4 using System.Runtime.InteropServices; 5 6 namespace ExamplesProject 7 { 8 class Program 9 { 10 static int m = 0; 11 static void Main(string[] args) 12 { 13 try 14 { 15 Divide(); 16 } 17 catch (Exception ex) 18 { 19 Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString()); 20 } 21 22 Console.ReadLine(); 23 } 24 25 public static void Divide() 26 { 27 try 28 { 29 Divide1(); 30 } 31 catch (Exception ex) 32 { 33 throw new Exception(ex.Message, ex); 34 } 35 } 36 37 public static void Divide1() 38 { 39 try 40 { 41 int a = 10, b = 0; 42 Console.WriteLine(a / b); 43 } 44 catch (Exception ex) 45 { 46 throw new Exception(ex.Message, ex); 47 } 48 } 49 } 50 }
運行後,拋出以下異常:
System.Exception: Attempted to divide by zero. ---> System.Exception: Attempted to divide by zero. ---> System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide1() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 42 --- End of inner exception stack trace --- at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide1() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 46 at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 29 --- End of inner exception stack trace --- at ExamplesProject.Program.Divide() in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 33 at ExamplesProject.Program.Main(String[] args) in D:\Projects\ExamplesProject\ExamplesProject\Program.cs:line 15
這一次,異常堆棧精準的定位了異常代碼行第42行。
總結,以上例子很是簡單,但是在實際開發中,咱們老是會不經意忽略一些細節,最終致使上了生產後異常格外的難以追蹤。