作爲一個Java Web開發者,你必定了解和學習過Servlet。或許還曾在面試中被問到過Servelt是單例仍是多例這個問題。
web
遇到這個問題,你是否曾深刻了解過,仍是百度或者Google了一下,獲得答案就OK了呢?面試
咱們今天從Servlet規範及Tomcat源碼實現的角度,分析下這個問題。tomcat
在Servlet規範中,對於Servlet單例與多例定義以下:微信
「Deployment Descriptor」, controls how the servlet container provides instances of the servlet.For a servlet not hosted in a distributed environment (the default), the servlet container must use only one instance per servlet declaration. However, for a servlet implementing the SingleThreadModel interface, the servlet container may instantiate multiple instances to handle a heavy request load and serialize requests to a particular instance.app
上面規範提到,分佈式
若是一個Servlet沒有被部署在分佈式的環境中,通常web.xml中聲明的一個Servlet只對應一個實例。ide
而若是一個Servlet實現了SingleThreadModel接口,就會被初始化多個實例。實例有多少呢,這裏沒細說。學習
下面再從Tomcat的源碼中找尋下具體的參考實現是什麼樣子的。如下代碼來源於Tomcat的StandardWrapper類。我把其中不太相關的部分作了刪除。this
public Servlet allocate() throws ServletException {spa
boolean newInstance = false;
if (!singleThreadModel) {
// Load and initialize our instance if necessary
if (instance == null) {
synchronized (this) {
if (instance == null) {
try {
instance = loadServlet();
} catch (ServletException e) {}}}}
if (singleThreadModel) {
if (newInstance) {
synchronized (instancePool) {
instancePool.push(instance); //若是實現STM接口,就放到一個棧裏
nInstances++;
}}
} else {
if (!newInstance) {
countAllocated.incrementAndGet();
}
return (instance);
}
}
synchronized (instancePool) {
while (countAllocated.get() >= nInstances) {
// Allocate a new instance if possible, or else wait
if (nInstances < maxInstances) {
try {
instancePool.push(loadServlet());
nInstances++;
} catch (ServletException e) {}
} else {
try {
instancePool.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Ignore
}} }
countAllocated.incrementAndGet();
return instancePool.pop();
}}
/**
* Load and initialize an instance of this servlet, if there is not already
* at least one initialized instance. This can be used, for example, to
* load servlets that are marked in the deployment descriptor to be loaded
* at server startup time.
*/
public synchronized Servlet loadServlet() throws ServletException {
// Nothing to do if we already have an instance or an instance pool
if (!singleThreadModel && (instance != null))
return instance; //注意此處,若是存在實例就直接返回
Servlet servlet;
try {
InstanceManager instanceManager = ((StandardContext)getParent()).getInstanceManager();
try {
servlet = (Servlet) instanceManager.newInstance(servletClass);
} catch (ClassCastException e) {
}
if (servlet instanceof SingleThreadModel) {
if (instancePool == null) {
instancePool = new Stack<>();
} //此處,使用Stack存放STM的Servlet
singleThreadModel = true;
}
initServlet(servlet);
} finally {
}
return servlet;
}
那一個實現了SingleThreadModel接口的Servlet,通常會初始化多少個實例呢?
StandardWrapper類中有兩個屬性,其中maxInstance初始爲20。因此上面的問題就有了答案。
/**
* Does this servlet implement the SingleThreadModel interface?
*/
protected volatile boolean singleThreadModel = false;
/**
* Maximum number of STM instances.
*/
protected int maxInstances = 20;
因爲SingleThreadModel已經聲明爲廢棄,官方不建議使用。咱們這裏只是讓你們瞭解下。
總結下,一個Servlet究竟有幾個實例呢?受以下幾個緣由影響:
是否在分佈式環境中部署
是否實現SingleThreadModel,若是實現則最多會建立20個實例
在web.xml中聲明瞭幾回,即便同一個Servlet,若是聲明屢次,也會生成多個實例。
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