AngularJS自定義Directive

何時須要自定義Directive?

1. 使你的Html更具語義化,不須要深刻研究代碼和邏輯便可知道頁面的大體邏輯。 javascript

2. 抽象一個自定義組件,在其餘地方進行重用。 css

 

看一下以下2個代碼片斷: html

示例1: java

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 1 <body>  2 <div>  3 <p>This is your class name.</p>  4 <div>  5 <p>Your teacher:</p>  6 <p>Mr. Wang</p>  7 <p>35 years old</p>  8 <p>English</p>  9 <p>Descriptions: 1.85cm tall, with a pair of brown glasses, unmarried, easy going etc.</p> 10 </div> 11 <div> 12 <div> 13 <p>Students in the class:</p> 14 <div> 15 <p>Jack</p> 16 <p>Male</p> 17 <p>15</p> 18 <p>Description: Smart ...</p> 19 </div> 20 <div> 21 <p>May</p> 22 <p>Female</p> 23 <p>14</p> 24 <p>Description: Diligent ...</p> 25 </div> 26 <div> 27 <p>Tom</p> 28 <p>Male</p> 29 <p>15</p> 30 <p>Description: Naughty ...</p> 31 </div> 32 <div> 33 <p>Alice</p> 34 <p>Female</p> 35 <p>14</p> 36 <p>Description: Smart ...</p> 37 </div> 38 </div> 39 </div> 40 </div> 41 </body>
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示例2: angularjs

1 <body ng-app> 2 <class-info> 3 <teacher-info></teacher-info> 4 <student-infos></student-infos> 5 </class-info> 6 </body>

 

示例1中的代碼你可能要完整的看完才能知道邏輯(固然示例1也不復雜,你能夠想象下真實的場景要比這個複雜的多的多),不是說示例2中的代碼少(邏 輯被轉移到其餘地方去了),而是在示例2中,光看Html標籤就知道這個頁面是在展現班級信息,班級信息中還有班主任的信息和全部學生的信息。 api

另外,示例1中,若一個班級的學生有30個,學生信息的Html會出現30次,若是未來發生變更,這30出學生信息的代碼都須要改動。 app

 

製做一個屬於本身的Directive

示例3: ide

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.info = { 10  yourname: 'Jack', 11  template: 'template.html' 12  }; 13  }]); 14 15 // 自定義Element的Directive 16  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 17 return { 18 // A 表明 Attribute 19 // C 表明 Class 20 // E 表明 Element 21 // ACE 表示同時建立 A、C、E 三種 22  restrict: 'ACE', 23 // templateUrl 指向獨立的Html文件,AngularJS會用Html文件中的內容替換studentInfo對象 24  templateUrl: 'template.html' 25  }; 26  }); 27  })(); 28 </script> 29 </head> 30 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 31 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 32 <student-info></student-info> 33 <br /> 34 <data-student-info></data-student-info> 35 <br /> 36 37 <div student-info></div> 38 <br /> 39 <div data_student-info></div> 40 <br /> 41 42 <div class="student-info"></div> 43 <br /> 44 <div class="data-student-info"></div> 45 <br /> 46 </div> 47 </body> 48 </html>
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template.html: ui

1 <div> 2 <p>This is a custom template.</p> 3 <p>Your name: {{info.yourname}}</p> 4 </div>

注意:你可能還見過restrict:'M',或者Directive的命名以pre_suf、pre:suf這樣的代碼書寫方式,這些都已經「過期」了,最潮的restrict僅使用ACE三種,命名方式使用pre-suf。 this

另外,你可能疑惑,爲何加上"data-"前綴的爲何也能被解析?實際上AngularJS在處理Directive時,首先會忽略 Directive命名中的"data-"或者"x-"前綴,所以不管你加上"data-"仍是"x-",AngularJS仍是能正確解析的,不 過"x-"也是一種過期的寫法,咱們能夠忽略。

 

好了,是否是很容易?屬於咱們本身的Directive就這樣建立成功了,接着讓咱們更深刻一些,看一下Directive的scope屬性。首先看一下如下3段代碼:

示例4(student-info直接使用了包含它的Controller的Scope中的變量jack和alice):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.jack = { 10  name: 'Jack', 11  sex: 'Male' 12  }, 13  $scope.alice = { 14  name: 'Alice', 15  sex: 'Female' 16  } 17  }]); 18 19  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 20 return { 21  restrict: 'E', 22  template: '<div><p>Student name: {{jack.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{jack.sex}}</p></div><br /><div><p>Student name: {{alice.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{alice.sex}}</p></div>' 23  }; 24  }); 25  })(); 26 </script> 27 </head> 28 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 29 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 30 <student-info></student-info> 31 </div> 32 </body> 33 </html>
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示例5(和示例1相似,直接使用包含student-info的Controller中的變量students,在template中使用ng-repeat展現學生信息):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.students = [ 10  { 11  name: 'Jack', 12  sex: 'Male' 13  }, 14  { 15  name: 'Alice', 16  sex: 'Female' 17  } 18  ]; 19  }]); 20 21  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 22 return { 23  restrict: 'E', 24  template: '<div ng-repeat="stu in students"><p>Student name:{{stu.name}}</p><p>Student sex:{{stu.sex}}</p></div>' 25  }; 26  }); 27  })(); 28 </script> 29 </head> 30 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 31 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 32 <student-info></student-info> 33 </div> 34 </body> 35 </html>
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示例6(定義兩個不一樣的Controller:jackController和aliceController,使student-info處於2個不一樣的controller中):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('jackController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.student = 10  { 11  name: 'Jack', 12  sex: 'Male' 13  } 14  }]); 15 16  app.controller('aliceController', ['$scope', function ($scope) { 17  $scope.student = 18  { 19  name: 'Alice', 20  sex: 'Female' 21  } 22  }]); 23 24  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 25 return { 26  restrict: 'E', 27  template: '<div><p>Student name:{{student.name}}</p><p>Student sex:{{student.sex}}</p></div>' 28  }; 29  }); 30  })(); 31 </script> 32 </head> 33 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 34 <div ng-controller="jackController as jackCtrl"> 35 <student-info></student-info> 36 </div> 37 <br /> 38 <div ng-controller="aliceController as aliceCtrl"> 39 <student-info></student-info> 40 </div> 41 </body> 42 </html>
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 上述三種方式,都能達到咱們所需的目的:自定義一個名爲student-info的Directive,展現Controller中的學生信息。但仔細分析上述3種不一樣的代碼,能發現它們各自有不一樣的問題:

1. 示例4中,student-info的template中的全部表達式嚴重依賴Controller中的變量定義,致使student-info沒法抽象成一個公共的學生信息展現模塊。

2. 示例5中,雖然使用ng-repeat封裝了代碼,可是仍是存在依賴Controller中students變量的問題,示例5僅比示例4稍微好點。

3. 示例6中,定義了不一樣的Controller來隔離做用域,但N個學生須要定義N個做用域,而且定義Controller時,仍是必須定義一個名爲student的變量,不然代碼沒法正確執行,所以仍是存在耦合性。

 

 好吧,讓咱們看看AngularJS爲咱們提供的優雅的解決方案-Isolate scope:

示例7(經過使用=attr將Isolate scope中的屬性賦值給Directive的名爲'attr'的Attribute):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.jack = { 10  name: 'Jack', 11  sex: 'Male' 12  }, 13  $scope.alice = { 14  name: 'Alice', 15  sex: 'Female' 16  } 17  }]); 18 19  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 20 return { 21  restrict: 'E', 22 // 定義student-info的Isolate scope 23  scope: { 24 // 做用域內定義一個變量:newNameInScope 25 // 值對應到Directive中的info屬性 26  newNameInScope: '=info' 27  }, 28 // template 再也不依賴外部, 僅依賴內部的newNameInScope變量 29  template: '<div><p>Student name: {{newNameInScope.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{newNameInScope.sex}}</p></div>' 30  }; 31  }); 32  })(); 33 </script> 34 </head> 35 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 36 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 37 <!--將myController中的jack屬性傳遞給info--> 38 <student-info info="jack"></student-info> 39 <br /> 40 <!--將myController中的alice屬性傳遞給info--> 41 <student-info info="alice"></student-info> 42 </div> 43 </body> 44 </html>
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 不一樣之處已經在註釋中說明,示例7已經徹底將student-info與外界隔離,不在存在耦合性,真正達到了咱們自定義Directive的目的2(見本文"何時須要自定義Directive"部分)。

 讓咱們再對示例7進行一些調整:

 示例8:

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.jack = { 10  name: 'Jack', 11  sex: 'Male' 12  }, 13  $scope.alice = { 14  name: 'Alice', 15  sex: 'Female' 16  } 17  }]); 18 19  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 20 return { 21  restrict: 'E', 22  scope: { 23  newNameInScope: '=info' 24  }, 25 // 這裏的alice將不能獲取Controller中的變量alice的信息 26  template: '<div><p>Student name: {{newNameInScope.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{newNameInScope.sex}}</p><br /><p>Deskmate name: {{alice.name}}</p><p>Deskmate sex: {{alice.sex}}</p></div>' 27  }; 28  }); 29  })(); 30 </script> 31 </head> 32 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 33 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 34 <student-info info="jack"></student-info> 35 </div> 36 </body> 37 </html>
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 這個就是所謂的封閉(Isolate),對比一下示例4,當建立student-info時指定了scope屬性後,不在scope中指定的變 量,在student-info中將沒法被識別,作到了「封閉」。這樣,當你定義一個公共模塊時,不會由於在不一樣的Controller中使用而產生意想 不到的問題。所以當你須要定義一個具備隔離性的Directive時,即便不須要傳遞Controller中的變量,也務必加上scope屬性。

 不過咱們只能將一個字符串或者一個對象傳入Isolate scope中,試想若遇到某些特殊狀況,須要直接包含指定的Html片斷時怎麼辦?AngularJS也是有這樣的功能的。

示例9:

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);  8  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {  9  $scope.jack = { 10  name: 'Jack', 11  sex: 'Male' 12  }, 13  $scope.alice = { 14  name: 'Alice', 15  sex: 'Female' 16  } 17  }]); 18 19  app.directive("studentInfo", function () { 20 return { 21  restrict: 'E', 22 // 指定transclude屬性爲true 23  transclude: true 24  }; 25  }); 26  })(); 27 </script> 28 </head> 29 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest"> 30 <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl"> 31 <!--指明student-info將會使用transclude模式--> 32 <student-info ng-transclude> 33 <!-- student-info的內容由使用者本身指定,而且內容中能訪問student-info的scope之外的變量 --> 34 <p>Student name: {{jack.name}}</p> 35 <p>Student sex: {{jack.sex}}</p> 36 <br /> 37 <p>Deskmate name: {{alice.name}}</p> 38 <p>Deskmate sex: {{alice.sex}} 39 </student-info> 40 </div> 41 </body> 42 </html>
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其餘自定義Directive的示例

示例10(自定義Directive操做DOM,官方文檔中的demo):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('docsTimeDirective', []);  8  9  app.controller('Controller', ['$scope', function ($scope) { 10  $scope.format = 'M/d/yy h:mm:ss a'; 11  }]) 12 13  app.directive('myCurrentTime', ['$interval', 'dateFilter', function ($interval, dateFilter) { 14 function link(scope, element, attrs) { 15 var format, 16  timeoutId; 17 18 function updateTime() { 19  element.text(dateFilter(new Date(), format)); 20  } 21 22  scope.$watch(attrs.myCurrentTime, function (value) { 23  format = value; 24  updateTime(); 25  }); 26 27  element.on('$destroy', function () { 28  $interval.cancel(timeoutId); 29  }); 30 31  timeoutId = $interval(function () { 32  updateTime(); 33  }, 1000); 34  } 35 36 return { 37  link: link 38  }; 39  }]); 40  })(); 41 </script> 42 </head> 43 <body ng-app="docsTimeDirective"> 44 <div ng-controller="Controller"> 45  Date format: 46 <input ng-model="format"> 47 <hr /> 48 Current time is: <span my-current-time="format"></span> 49 </div> 50 </body> 51 </html>
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若是想要使Directive改變DOM,通常會用到link參數,其原型爲:function link(scope, element, attrs) {...}:

  • scope: 與當前元素結合的scope
  • elment:當前元素
  • $attrs:當前元素的屬性對象

 

示例11(經過使用&attr開放Directive,將自定義的方法綁定到Directive上):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('isoFnBindTest', []);  8  9  app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) { 10  $scope.name = ''; 11  $scope.message = ''; 12  $scope.isHide = true; 13  $scope.sayHello = function (message, name) { 14  $scope.isHide = false; 15  $scope.name = name; 16  $scope.message = message; 17  alert($scope.message + ',' + $scope.name); 18  }; 19  }]); 20 21  app.directive('myGreeting', function () { 22 return { 23  restrict: 'E', 24  transclude: true, 25  scope: { 26 // Step 2: greet方法綁定到onGreet屬性(對應Html中的on-greet),並將greet的輸入參數傳給onGreet 27 'greet': '&onGreet' 28  }, 29  templateUrl: 'my-greeting.html' 30  }; 31  }); 32  })(); 33 </script> 34 </head> 35 <body ng-app="isoFnBindTest"> 36 <div ng-controller="myController"> 37 <!-- Step 3: on-greet指向了myController中的sayHello方法,此時on-greet中能直接訪問到greet的輸入參數--> 38 <my-greeting on-greet="sayHello(message, name)"> 39 <div ng-hide="isHide"> 40  {{message}}, {{name}}! 41 </div> 42 </my-greeting> 43 </div> 44 </body> 45 </html>
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my-greeting.html:

1 <div> 2 <!-- Step1: 一旦觸發click, 將調用Isolate scope中的greet方法--> 3 <button ng-click="greet({message: 'Hello', name: 'Tom'})">Click me!</button> 4 <div ng-transclude></div> 5 </div>

 

示例12(Directive偵聽事件,官方Demo):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('dragModule', []);  8  9  app.directive('myDraggable', ['$document', function ($document) { 10 return { 11  link: function (scope, element, attr) { 12 var startX = 0, startY = 0, x = 0, y = 0; 13 14  element.css({ 15  position: 'relative', 16  border: '1px solid red', 17  backgroundColor: 'lightgrey', 18  cursor: 'pointer' 19  }); 20 21  element.on('mousedown', function (event) { 22 // Prevent default dragging of selected content 23  event.preventDefault(); 24  startX = event.pageX - x; 25  startY = event.pageY - y; 26  $document.on('mousemove', mousemove); 27  $document.on('mouseup', mouseup); 28  }); 29 30 function mousemove(event) { 31  y = event.pageY - startY; 32  x = event.pageX - startX; 33  element.css({ 34  top: y + 'px', 35  left: x + 'px' 36  }); 37  } 38 39 function mouseup() { 40  $document.off('mousemove', mousemove); 41  $document.off('mouseup', mouseup); 42  } 43  } 44  }; 45  }]); 46  })(); 47 </script> 48 </head> 49 <body ng-app="dragModule"> 50 <span my-draggable>Drag ME</span> 51 </body> 52 </html>
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示例13(Directive之間的相互做用,官方Demo):

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 1 <!DOCTYPE>  2 <html>  3 <head>  4 <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>  5 <script type="text/javascript">  6  (function () {  7 var app = angular.module('docsTabsExample', []);  8  9  app.directive('myTabs', function () { 10 return { 11  restrict: 'E', 12  transclude: true, 13  scope: {}, 14  controller: function ($scope) { 15 var panes = $scope.panes = []; 16 17  $scope.select = function (pane) { 18  angular.forEach(panes, function (pane) { 19  pane.selected = false; 20  }); 21  pane.selected = true; 22  }; 23 24 this.addPane = function (pane) { 25 if (panes.length === 0) { 26  $scope.select(pane); 27  } 28  panes.push(pane); 29  }; 30  }, 31  templateUrl: 'my-tabs.html' 32  }; 33  }); 34 35  app.directive('myPane', function () { 36 return { 37 // 指定必須有myTabs對象,若對象不存在則會報錯,見下面的圖1 38  require: '^myTabs', // ^ 表示將在父級的範圍內查找該對象, 沒有 ^ 表示在Directive內查找該對象, 若範圍指定錯誤沒法找到myTabs,js則會報錯 39  restrict: 'E', 40  transclude: true, 41  scope: { 42  title: '@' 43  }, 44  link: function (scope, element, attrs, tabsCtrl) { 45  tabsCtrl.addPane(scope); 46  }, 47  templateUrl: 'my-pane.html' 48  }; 49  }); 50  })(); 51 </script> 52 </head> 53 <body ng-app="docsTabsExample"> 54 <my-tabs> 55 <my-pane title="Hello"> 56 <h4>Hello</h4> 57 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</p> 58 </my-pane> 59 <my-pane title="World"> 60 <h4>World</h4> 61 <em>Mauris elementum elementum enim at suscipit.</em> 62 <p><a href ng-click="i = i + 1">counter: {{i || 0}}</a></p> 63 </my-pane> 64 </my-tabs> 65 </body> 66 </html>
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my-tabs.html:

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1 <div class="tabbable"> 2 <ul class="nav nav-tabs"> 3 <li ng-repeat="pane in panes" ng-class="{active:pane.selected}"> 4 <a href="" ng-click="select(pane)">{{pane.title}}</a> 5 </li> 6 </ul> 7 <div class="tab-content" ng-transclude></div> 8 </div>
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my-pane.html:

1 <div class="tab-pane" ng-show="selected" ng-transclude> 2 </div>

 

AngularJS官方文檔: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/directive

 CodeSchool快速入門視頻:http://campus.codeschool.com/courses/shaping-up-with-angular-js/intro

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