python 處理 Excel 表格

see： http://www.cnblogs.com/sunada2005/p/3193300.html

1、可以使用的第三方庫

python中處理excel表格，經常使用的庫有xlrd（讀excel）表、xlwt（寫excel）表、openpyxl（可讀寫excel表）等。xlrd讀數據較大的excel表時效率高於openpyxl，因此我在寫腳本時就採用了xlrd和xlwt這兩個庫。介紹及下載地址爲：http://www.python-excel.org/ 這些庫文件都沒有提供修改現有excel表格內容的功能。通常只能將原excel中的內容讀出、作完處理後，再寫入一個新的excel文件。

2、常見問題

使用python處理excel表格時，發現兩個個比較難纏的問題：unicode編碼和excel中記錄的時間。

由於python的默認字符編碼都爲unicode，因此打印從excel中讀出的中文或讀取中文名的excel表或sheet時，程序提示錯誤UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-2: ordinal not in range(128)。這是因爲在windows中，中文使用了gb2312編碼方式，python將其看成unicode和ascii來解碼都不正確才報出的錯誤。使用VAR.encode('gb2312')便可解決打印中文的問題。（很奇怪，有的時候雖然能打印出結果，但顯示的不是中文，而是一堆編碼。）若要從中文文件名的excel表中讀取數據，可在文件名前加‘u’表示將該中文文件名採用unicode編碼。

有excel中，時間和日期都使用浮點數表示。可看到，當‘2013年3月20日’所在單元格使用‘常規’格式表示後，內容變爲‘41353’；當其單元格格式改變爲日期後，內容又變爲了‘2013年3月20日’。而使用xlrd讀出excel中的日期和時間後，獲得是的一個浮點數。因此當向excel中寫入的日期和時間爲一個浮點數也沒關係，只需將表格的表示方式改成日期和時間，便可獲得正常的表示方式。excel中，用浮點數1表示1899年12月31日。

import xlrd

def read(filename, sheetNo=0):
    book=xlrd.open_workbook(filename)
    sh=book.sheet_by_index(sheetNo)
    cols = sh.ncols
    rows = sh.nrows
    print 'cols=',cols, 'rows=',rows
    for r in range(rows): # cols and rows start from 0
        value = sh.cell_value(rowx=r,colx=0)

 

　　http://nullege.com/codes/search/xlwt.easyxf

# 最簡單的例子
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Row 0, Column 0 Value')
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

# 格式化cell的font
font = xlwt.Font() # Create the Font
font.name = 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = True
font.underline = True
font.italic = True
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Style
style.font = font # Apply the Font to the Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Unformatted value')
worksheet.write(1, 0, label = 'Formatted value', style) # Apply the Style to the Cell


# Font對象的屬性
font.bold = True # May be: True, False
font.italic = True # May be: True, False
font.struck_out = True # May be: True, False
font.underline = xlwt.Font.UNDERLINE_SINGLE # May be: UNDERLINE_NONE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE_ACC, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE_ACC
font.escapement = xlwt.Font.ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT # May be: ESCAPEMENT_NONE, ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT, ESCAPEMENT_SUBSCRIPT
font.family = xlwt.Font.FAMILY_ROMAN # May be: FAMILY_NONE, FAMILY_ROMAN, FAMILY_SWISS, FAMILY_MODERN, FAMILY_SCRIPT, FAMILY_DECORATIVE
font.charset = xlwt.Font.CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN # May be: CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN, CHARSET_SYS_DEFAULT, CHARSET_SYMBOL, CHARSET_APPLE_ROMAN, CHARSET_ANSI_JAP_SHIFT_JIS, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_HANGUL, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_JOHAB, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_GBK, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_BIG5, CHARSET_ANSI_GREEK, CHARSET_ANSI_TURKISH, CHARSET_ANSI_VIETNAMESE, CHARSET_ANSI_HEBREW, CHARSET_ANSI_ARABIC, CHARSET_ANSI_BALTIC, CHARSET_ANSI_CYRILLIC, CHARSET_ANSI_THAI, CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN_II, CHARSET_OEM_LATIN_I
font.colour_index = 2 # 0:black, 1: white, 2: red, 3:light green, 4:blue
font.get_biff_record = ?
font.height = 0x00C8 # C8 in Hex (in decimal) = 10 points in height.
font.name = ?
font.outline = ?
font.shadow = ?


# 設置cell的寬度
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'My Cell Contents')
worksheet.col(0).width = 3333 # 3333 = 1" (one inch).

# 向cell添加一個日期
style = xlwt.XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' # Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)

# 向cell添加一個Formula
worksheet.write(0, 0, 5) # Outputs 5
worksheet.write(0, 1, 2) # Outputs 2
worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1')) # Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) # Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])

# 向cell添加一個Hyperlink
worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")')) # Outputs the text "Google" linking to http://www.google.com

# 合併行列
worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') # Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3.
font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font
font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) # Merges row 1 through 2's columns 0 through 3.

# 設置cell內部定位
alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)

# 添加cell的邊框
# Please note: While I was able to find these constants within the source code, on my system (using LibreOffice,) I was only presented with a solid line, varying from thin to thick; no dotted or dashed lines.
borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED # May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.left_colour = 0x40
borders.right_colour = 0x40
borders.top_colour = 0x40
borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)

# 設置cell的背景顏色
pattern = xlwt.Pattern() # Create the Pattern
pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN # May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 # May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Pattern
style.pattern = pattern # Add Pattern to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)


TODO: Things Left to Document
- Panes -- separate views which are always in view
- Border Colors (documented above, but not taking effect as it should)
- Border Widths (document above, but not working as expected)
- Protection
- Row Styles
- Zoom / Manification
- WS Props?
Source Code for reference available at: https://secure.simplistix.co.uk/svn/xlwt/trunk/xlwt/