對於c#中的async和await的使用,沒想到我一直居然都有一個錯誤。。編程
。。仍是總結太少,這裏記錄下。c#
流程以下:api
當使用同步方式實現時,代碼是這樣的:併發
using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace AsyncBreakfast { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var sw = new Stopwatch(); sw.Start(); Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); Egg eggs = FryEggs(2); Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); Bacon bacon = FryBacon(3); Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); Toast toast = ToastBread(2); ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!"); Console.WriteLine($"totol time:{sw.ElapsedMilliseconds/1000}"); Console.ReadKey(); } private static Juice PourOJ() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring orange juice"); return new Juice(); } private static void ApplyJam(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting jam on the toast"); private static void ApplyButter(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting butter on the toast"); private static Toast ToastBread(int slices) { for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("Putting a slice of bread in the toaster"); } Console.WriteLine("Start toasting..."); Task.Delay(3000).Wait(); Console.WriteLine("Remove toast from toaster"); return new Toast(); } private static Bacon FryBacon(int slices) { Console.WriteLine($"putting {slices} slices of bacon in the pan"); Console.WriteLine("cooking first side of bacon..."); Task.Delay(3000).Wait(); for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("flipping a slice of bacon"); } Console.WriteLine("cooking the second side of bacon..."); Task.Delay(3000).Wait(); Console.WriteLine("Put bacon on plate"); return new Bacon(); } private static Egg FryEggs(int howMany) { Console.WriteLine("Warming the egg pan..."); Task.Delay(3000).Wait(); Console.WriteLine($"cracking {howMany} eggs"); Console.WriteLine("cooking the eggs ..."); Task.Delay(3000).Wait(); Console.WriteLine("Put eggs on plate"); return new Egg(); } private static Coffee PourCoffee() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring coffee"); return new Coffee(); } } class Coffee { } class Egg { } class Bacon { } class Toast { } class Juice { } }
運行效果以下:異步
或表示爲這樣async
同步準備的早餐大約花費了 30 分鐘,由於總耗時是每一個任務耗時的總和。這裏的total time只是用來表示記錄下程序運行的時間。ide
而我之前寫的異步代碼是這樣的:異步編程
using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace AsyncBreakfast { class Program { static async void Main(string[] args) { var sw = new Stopwatch(); sw.Start(); Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); Egg eggs = await FryEggsAsync(2); Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); Bacon bacon = await FryBaconAsync(3); Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); Toast toast = await ToastBreadAsync(2); ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!"); Console.WriteLine($"totol time:{sw.ElapsedMilliseconds/1000}"); Console.ReadKey(); } static async Task<Toast> MakeToastWithButterAndJamAsync(int number) { var toast = await ToastBreadAsync(number); ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); return toast; } private static Juice PourOJ() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring orange juice"); return new Juice(); } private static void ApplyJam(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting jam on the toast"); private static void ApplyButter(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting butter on the toast"); private static async Task<Toast> ToastBreadAsync(int slices) { for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("Putting a slice of bread in the toaster"); } Console.WriteLine("Start toasting..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Remove toast from toaster"); return new Toast(); } private static async Task<Bacon> FryBaconAsync(int slices) { Console.WriteLine($"putting {slices} slices of bacon in the pan"); Console.WriteLine("cooking first side of bacon..."); await Task.Delay(3000); for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("flipping a slice of bacon"); } Console.WriteLine("cooking the second side of bacon..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Put bacon on plate"); return new Bacon(); } private static async Task<Egg> FryEggsAsync(int howMany) { Console.WriteLine("Warming the egg pan..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine($"cracking {howMany} eggs"); Console.WriteLine("cooking the eggs ..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Put eggs on plate"); return new Egg(); } private static Coffee PourCoffee() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring coffee"); return new Coffee(); } } class Coffee { } class Egg { } class Bacon { } class Toast { } class Juice { } }
效果以下:ui
能夠看出,這樣編寫的異步和最初同步版本的總共的耗時大體相同。spa
這是由於這段代碼尚未利用異步編程的某些關鍵功能。
即上面的異步代碼的使用在這裏是不許確的。
能夠看出,這段代碼裏面的打印輸出與同步是同樣的。
這是由於:在煎雞蛋或培根時,此代碼雖然不會阻塞,可是此代碼也不會啓動任何其餘任務。
就形成了異步煎雞蛋的操做完成後,纔會開始培根製做。
可是,對於這裏而言,我不但願每一個任務都按順序依次執行。
最好是首先啓動每一個組件任務,而後再等待以前任務的完成。
例如:首先啓動雞蛋和培根。
在不少方案中,你可能都但願當即啓動若干獨立的任務。而後,在每一個任務完成時,你能夠繼續
進行已經準備的其餘工做。
就像這裏同時啓動煎雞蛋,培根和烤麪包。
咱們這裏對早餐代碼作些更改。
正確的作法
第一步是存儲任務以便在這些任務啓動時進行操做,而不是等待:
Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); Task<Egg> eggsTask = FryEggsAsync(2); Egg eggs = await eggsTask; Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); Task<Bacon> baconTask = FryBaconAsync(3); Bacon bacon = await baconTask; Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); Task<Toast> toastTask = ToastBreadAsync(2); Toast toast = await toastTask; ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!");
接下來,能夠在提供早餐以前將用於處理培根和雞蛋的await語句移動到此方法的末尾:
Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); Task<Egg> eggsTask = FryEggsAsync(2); Task<Bacon> baconTask = FryBaconAsync(3); Task<Toast> toastTask = ToastBreadAsync(2); Toast toast = await toastTask; ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Egg eggs = await eggsTask; Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); Bacon bacon = await baconTask; Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!");
運行效果以下:
或者
能夠看出,這裏一次啓動了全部的異步任務。而你僅在須要結果時,纔會等待每項任務。
這裏異步準備的形成大約花費20分鐘,這是由於一些任務能夠併發進行。
而對於直接 Egg eggs = await FryEggsAsync(2); 的方式,適用於你只須要等待這一個異步操做結果,不須要進行其餘操做的時候。
吐司操做由異步操做(烤麪包)和同步操做(添加黃油和果醬)組成。
這裏涉及到一個重要概念:
異步操做後跟同步操做的這種組合也是一個異步操做。
也就是說,若是操做的任何部分是異步的,整個操做就是異步的。
代碼以下:
static async Task<Toast> MakeToastWithButterAndJamAsync(int number) { var toast = await ToastBreadAsync(number); ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); return toast; }
全部,主要代碼塊如今變爲:
static async Task Main(string[] args) { Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); var eggsTask = FryEggsAsync(2); var baconTask = FryBaconAsync(3); var toastTask = MakeToastWithButterAndJamAsync(2); var eggs = await eggsTask; Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); var bacon = await baconTask; Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); var toast = await toastTask; Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!"); }
能夠經過使用Task類的方法改進上述代碼末尾一系列await語句。
WhenAll 是其中的一個api , 它將返回一個其參數列表中的全部任務都已完成時猜完成的Task,
代碼以下
await Task.WhenAll(eggsTask, baconTask, toastTask); Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!");
另外一種選擇是 WhenAny, 它將返回一個,當其參數完成時猜完成的 Task<Task>。
var breakfastTasks = new List<Task> { eggsTask, baconTask, toastTask }; while (breakfastTasks.Count > 0) { Task finishedTask = await Task.WhenAny(breakfastTasks); if (finishedTask == eggsTask) { Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); } else if (finishedTask == baconTask) { Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); } else if (finishedTask == toastTask) { Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); } breakfastTasks.Remove(finishedTask); }
處理已完成任務的結果以後,能夠從傳遞給 WhenAny
的任務列表中刪除此已完成的任務。
進行這些更改後,代碼的最終版本將以下所示:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace AsyncBreakfast { class Program { static async Task Main(string[] args) { Coffee cup = PourCoffee(); Console.WriteLine("coffee is ready"); var eggsTask = FryEggsAsync(2); var baconTask = FryBaconAsync(3); var toastTask = MakeToastWithButterAndJamAsync(2); var breakfastTasks = new List<Task> { eggsTask, baconTask, toastTask }; while (breakfastTasks.Count > 0) { Task finishedTask = await Task.WhenAny(breakfastTasks); if (finishedTask == eggsTask) { Console.WriteLine("eggs are ready"); } else if (finishedTask == baconTask) { Console.WriteLine("bacon is ready"); } else if (finishedTask == toastTask) { Console.WriteLine("toast is ready"); } breakfastTasks.Remove(finishedTask); } Juice oj = PourOJ(); Console.WriteLine("oj is ready"); Console.WriteLine("Breakfast is ready!"); } static async Task<Toast> MakeToastWithButterAndJamAsync(int number) { var toast = await ToastBreadAsync(number); ApplyButter(toast); ApplyJam(toast); return toast; } private static Juice PourOJ() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring orange juice"); return new Juice(); } private static void ApplyJam(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting jam on the toast"); private static void ApplyButter(Toast toast) => Console.WriteLine("Putting butter on the toast"); private static async Task<Toast> ToastBreadAsync(int slices) { for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("Putting a slice of bread in the toaster"); } Console.WriteLine("Start toasting..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Remove toast from toaster"); return new Toast(); } private static async Task<Bacon> FryBaconAsync(int slices) { Console.WriteLine($"putting {slices} slices of bacon in the pan"); Console.WriteLine("cooking first side of bacon..."); await Task.Delay(3000); for (int slice = 0; slice < slices; slice++) { Console.WriteLine("flipping a slice of bacon"); } Console.WriteLine("cooking the second side of bacon..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Put bacon on plate"); return new Bacon(); } private static async Task<Egg> FryEggsAsync(int howMany) { Console.WriteLine("Warming the egg pan..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine($"cracking {howMany} eggs"); Console.WriteLine("cooking the eggs ..."); await Task.Delay(3000); Console.WriteLine("Put eggs on plate"); return new Egg(); } private static Coffee PourCoffee() { Console.WriteLine("Pouring coffee"); return new Coffee(); } } }
效果以下:
或者
這種異步的代碼實現最終大約花費15分鐘,由於一些任務能同時運行,
而且該代碼可以同時監視多個任務,只在須要時才執行操做。
async 和 await的功能最好能作到:
儘量啓動任務,不要在等待任務完成時形成阻塞。
便可以先把任務存儲到task,而後在後面須要用的時候,調用await task()方法。
參考網址:https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/async/