Spring管理的@Configuration註解使用

從Spring3.0,@Configuration用於定義配置類,可替換xml配置文件,被註解的類內部包含有一個或多個被@Bean註解的方法,這些方法將會被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext類進行掃描,並用於構建bean定義,初始化Spring容器。html

注意:@Configuration註解的配置類有以下要求:web

  • @Configuration不能夠是final類型;
  • @Configuration不能夠是匿名類;
  • 嵌套的@Configuration必須是靜態類。

1、@Configuation加載Spring方法

1.一、@Configuration配置spring並啓動spring容器

@Configuration標註在類上,至關於把該類做爲spring的xml配置文件中的,做用爲:配置spring容器(應用上下文)spring

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:44
 */
@Configuration
public class TestConfig {

    public TestConfig(){
        System.out.println("testconfig collection init success");
    }
}

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至關於bash

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
    xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">


</beans>
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主方法進行測試:markdown

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:46
 */
public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    }
}

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從運行主方法結果能夠看出,spring容器已經啓動了:session

WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release
testconfig collection  init success

Process finished with exit code 0

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1.二、@Configuration啓動容器+@Bean註冊Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命週期

@Bean標註在方法上(返回某個實例的方法),等價於spring的xml配置文件中的,做用爲:註冊bean對象app

bean類:函數

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:54
 */
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean init...");
    }

    public void cleanup() {
        System.out.println("TestBean destroy...");
    }
}

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配置類:爲TestConfig類添加方法oop

// @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
    // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup")
    //name屬性至關於<bean>標籤的id
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}
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測試:源碼分析

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        //獲取bean
        TestBean testBean = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        testBean.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:
testconfig collection  init success
TestBean sayHello...

Process finished with exit code 0

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注:
(1)、@Bean註解在返回實例的方法上,若是未經過@Bean指定bean的名稱,則默認與標註的方法名相同(第一個單詞轉小寫);

(2)、@Bean註解默認做用域爲單例singleton做用域,可經過@Scope(「prototype」)設置爲原型做用域;

(3)、既然@Bean的做用是註冊bean對象,那麼徹底可使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等註解註冊bean,固然須要配置@ComponentScan註解進行自動掃描。

scope屬性
1). singleton屬性值(掌握):默認值,單例
2). prototype屬性值(掌握):多例(原型做用域)
3). request屬性值(瞭解):建立對象,把對象放到request域裏
4). session屬性值(瞭解):建立對象,把對象放到session域裏
5). globalSession屬性值(瞭解):建立對象,把對象放到globalSession域裏

@Bean下管理bean的生命週期
可使用基於 Java 的配置來管理 bean 的生命週期。@Bean 支持兩種屬性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,這些屬性可用於定義生命週期方法。在實例化 bean 或即將銷燬它時,容器即可調用生命週期方法。生命週期方法也稱爲回調方法,由於它將由容器調用。使用 @Bean 註釋註冊的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 規定的標準 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 註解。若是您正在使用 XML 方法來定義 bean,那麼就應該使用 bean 元素來定義生命週期回調方法。如下代碼顯示了在 XML 配置中一般使用 bean 元素定義回調的方法。

//@Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
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啓動測試類:

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        System.out.println(tb);
        
        TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        System.out.println(tb2);
    }
}

結果:
testconfig collection  init success
TestBean init...
com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean@5852c06f
TestBean init...
com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean@4149c063

Process finished with exit code 0
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分析:

結果中的1:代表initMethod生效

結果中的2:代表@Scope("prototype")生效

1.三、@Configuration啓動容器+@Component註冊Bean

bean類

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:54
 */
//添加註冊bean的註解
@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }
    
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean init...");
    }

    public void cleanup() {
        System.out.println("TestBean destroy...");
    }
}

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配置類:

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:44
 */
@Configuration
//添加自動掃描註解,basePackages爲TestBean包路徑
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config")
public class TestConfig {

    public TestConfig(){
        System.out.println("testconfig collection init success");
    }

     // @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
//    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup")
////    @Bean
//    @Scope("prototype")
//    public TestBean testBean() {
//        return new TestBean();
//    }
}

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主方法測試獲取bean對象:

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        //獲取bean
        TestBean testBean1 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        testBean1.sayHello();
    }
}
結果:
testconfig collection  init success
TestBean sayHello...

Process finished with exit code 0
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sayHello()方法被正常調用

1.四、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 註冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法

1.4.一、 配置類的註冊方式是將其傳遞給 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 構造函數
public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
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1.4.二、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法傳入配置類來註冊配置類
public static void main(String[] args) {
  ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
  ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}
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1.五、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

過去,您一般要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文來配置 Spring Web 應用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路徑。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文類。如下代碼描述了 web.xml 中指向將由 ContextLoaderListener 監聽器類載入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>
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如今,您要將 web.xml 中的上述代碼更改成使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。切記,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 爲 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文實現,所以您永遠沒必要在您的web.xml 文件中顯式指定這個上下文類。如今,您將使用基於 Java 的配置,所以在配置 Web 應用程序時,須要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。上述代碼將修改以下:

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>
            demo.AppContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </init-param>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>
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以上修改後的 web.xml 如今定義了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文類,並將其做爲上下文參數和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置如今指向 AppContext 配置類。這很是簡單。下一節將演示 bean 的生命週期回調和範圍的實現。

1.六、@Configuation總結

@Configuation等價於

@Bean等價於

@ComponentScan等價於<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

2、組合多個配置類

2.一、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 20:31
 */
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:configtest.xml")
public class WebConfig {

 public WebConfig(){
        System.out.println("WebConfig coolection init success");
    } 
}

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TestBean2:

package com.cqupt.meeting.config;

/**
 * @Author: ranjun
 * @Date: 2019/5/12 20:32
 */
public class TestBean2 {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public void setUrl(String url) {
        this.url = url;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello..."+username);
    }


    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 init...");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 destroy...");
    }
}

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configtest.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="testBean2" class="com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean2">
        <property name="username" value="ranjun"></property>
    </bean>
</beans>
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測試類:

public class TestMain2 {


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}


結果:
WebConfig coolection init success
TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun

Process finished with exit code 0


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2.二、在@configuration中引入其它註解配置

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:configtest.xml")
@Import(TestConfig.class)
public class WebConfig {

public WebConfig(){
        System.out.println("WebConfig coolection init success");
    }
}

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TestConfig:

@Configuration
//添加自動掃描註解,basePackages爲TestBean包路徑
//@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config")
public class TestConfig {


    public TestConfig(){
        System.out.println("testconfig collection init success");
    }

    // @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
//    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

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測試類:

public class TestMain2 {


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();

        TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb2.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:
WebConfig coolection init success
testconfig collection  init success
TestBean sayHello...
TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun

Process finished with exit code 0
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能夠看到三個容器都成功啓動了

2.三、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)

經過配置類嵌套的配置類,達到組合多個配置類的目的。==但注意內部類必須是靜態類==。

上代碼:

@Configuration
//添加自動掃描註解,basePackages爲TestBean包路徑
//@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config")
public class TestConfig {


    public TestConfig(){
        System.out.println("testconfig collection init success");
    }

    // @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
//    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }

    @Configuration
    static class InnerConfig {
        @Bean
        TestBean2 testBean2() {
            TestBean2 testBean2 =  new TestBean2();
            testBean2.setUsername("ranjun");
            return testBean2;
        }
    }
}
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測試類:

public class TestMain {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        //獲取bean
        TestBean testBean1 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        testBean1.sayHello();

        TestBean2 testBean2 = (TestBean2)context.getBean("testBean2");
        testBean2.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:
testconfig collection  init success
TestBean sayHello...
TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun

Process finished with exit code 0

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三、@EnableXXX註解

配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。

@EnableAspectJAutoProxy--- spring AOP 之二:@AspectJ註解的3種配置

@EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*註解的源碼,spring源碼分析之定時任務Scheduled註解

四、@Profile邏輯組配置

《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用》

五、使用外部變量

一、@PropertySource + Environment,經過@PropertySource註解將properties配置文件中的值存儲到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去讀取配置文件中的值,參數是properties文件中定義的key值。

二、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value

《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用》

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