MySQL常見SQL錯誤用法

摘要: 前言 MySQL在2016年仍然保持強勁的數據庫流行度增加趨勢。愈來愈多的客戶將本身的應用創建在MySQL數據庫之上,甚至是從Oracle遷移到MySQL上來。但也存在部分客戶在使用MySQL數據庫的過程當中遇到一些好比響應時間慢,CPU打滿等狀況。阿里雲RDS專家服務團隊幫助雲上客戶解決過不少緊急問題。現將《ApsaraDB專家診斷報告》中出現的部分常見SQL問題總結以下,供你們參考。前端

 

前言

MySQL在2016年仍然保持強勁的數據庫流行度增加趨勢。愈來愈多的客戶將本身的應用創建在MySQL數據庫之上,甚至是從Oracle遷移到MySQL上來。但也存在部分客戶在使用MySQL數據庫的過程當中遇到一些好比響應時間慢,CPU打滿等狀況。阿里雲RDS專家服務團隊幫助雲上客戶解決過不少緊急問題。現將《ApsaraDB專家診斷報告》中出現的部分常見SQL問題總結以下,供你們參考。mysql

常見SQL錯誤用法

1. LIMIT 語句

分頁查詢是最經常使用的場景之一,但也一般也是最容易出問題的地方。好比對於下面簡單的語句,通常DBA想到的辦法是在type, name, create_time字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提高。程序員

SELECT * 
FROM   operation 
WHERE  type = 'SQLStats' 
       AND name = 'SlowLog' 
ORDER  BY create_time 
LIMIT  1000, 10;

好吧,可能90%以上的DBA解決該問題就到此爲止。但當 LIMIT 子句變成 「LIMIT 1000000,10」 時,程序員仍然會抱怨:我只取10條記錄爲何仍是慢?算法

要知道數據庫也並不知道第1000000條記錄從什麼地方開始,即便有索引也須要從頭計算一次。出現這種性能問題,多數情形下是程序員偷懶了。在前端數據瀏覽翻頁,或者大數據分批導出等場景下,是能夠將上一頁的最大值當成參數做爲查詢條件的。SQL從新設計以下:sql

SELECT   * 
FROM     operation 
WHERE    type = 'SQLStats' 
AND      name = 'SlowLog' 
AND      create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' 
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新設計下查詢時間基本固定,不會隨着數據量的增加而發生變化。數據庫

2. 隱式轉換

SQL語句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另外一個常見的錯誤。好比下面的語句:性能優化

mysql> explain extended SELECT * 
     > FROM   my_balance b 
     > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123 
     >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段bpn的定義爲varchar(20),MySQL的策略是將字符串轉換爲數字以後再比較。函數做用於表字段,索引失效。app

上述狀況多是應用程序框架自動填入的參數,而不是程序員的原意。如今應用框架不少很繁雜,使用方便的同時也當心它可能給本身挖坑。框架

3. 關聯更新、刪除

雖然MySQL5.6引入了物化特性,但須要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優化。對於更新或刪除須要手工重寫成JOIN。函數

好比下面UPDATE語句,MySQL實際執行的是循環/嵌套子查詢(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其執行時間可想而知。

UPDATE operation o 
SET    status = 'applying' 
WHERE  o.id IN (SELECT id 
                FROM   (SELECT o.id, 
                               o.status 
                        FROM   operation o 
                        WHERE  o.group = 123 
                               AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                        ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                                  o.id 
                        LIMIT  1) t);

執行計劃:

+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY            | o     | index |               | PRIMARY | 8       |       | 24   | Using where; Using temporary                        |
| 2  | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY |       |       |               |         |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3  | DERIVED            | o     | ref   | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5   | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重寫爲JOIN以後,子查詢的選擇模式從DEPENDENT SUBQUERY變成DERIVED,執行速度大大加快,從7秒下降到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o 
       JOIN  (SELECT o.id, 
                            o.status 
                     FROM   operation o 
                     WHERE  o.group = 123 
                            AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                     ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                               o.id 
                     LIMIT  1) t
         ON o.id = t.id 
SET    status = 'applying'

執行計劃簡化爲:

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY     |       |      |               |       |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2  | DERIVED     | o     | ref  | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5 | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

4. 混合排序

MySQL不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景,仍是有機會使用特殊方法提高性能的。

SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
       INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id 
ORDER  BY a.is_reply ASC, 
          a.appraise_time DESC 
LIMIT  0, 20

執行計劃顯示爲全表掃描:

+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key     | key_len | ref      | rows    | Extra    
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ALL    | idx_orderid | NULL    | NULL    | NULL    | 1967647 | Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | eq_ref | PRIMARY     | PRIMARY | 122     | a.orderid |       1 | NULL           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

因爲is_reply只有0和1兩種狀態,咱們按照下面的方法重寫後,執行時間從1.58秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT * 
FROM   ((SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o 
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                        ON a.orderid = o.id 
                           AND is_reply = 0 
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
         LIMIT  0, 20) 
        UNION ALL 
        (SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o 
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                        ON a.orderid = o.id 
                           AND is_reply = 1 
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
         LIMIT  0, 20)) t 
ORDER  BY  is_reply ASC, 
          appraisetime DESC 
LIMIT  20;

5. EXISTS語句

MySQL對待EXISTS子句時,仍然採用嵌套子查詢的執行方式。以下面的SQL語句:

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n 
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4 
       AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
                  FROM   message_info m 
                  WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                         AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

執行計劃爲:

+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type        | table | type | possible_keys     | key   | key_len | ref   | rows    | Extra   |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | n     | ALL  |  | NULL     | NULL    | NULL  | 1086041 | Using where                   |
|  1 | PRIMARY            | sra   | ref  |  | idx_user_id | 123     | const |       1 | Using where          |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m     | ref  |  | idx_message_info   | 122     | const |       1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉exists更改成join,可以避免嵌套子查詢,將執行時間從1.93秒下降爲1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n 
       INNER JOIN message_info m 
               ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                  AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4 
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的執行計劃:

+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key       | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | m     | ref    | | idx_message_info   | 122     | const    |    1 | Using index condition |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | n     | eq_ref | | PRIMARY   | 122     | ighbor_id |    1 | Using where      |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | sra   | ref    | | idx_user_id | 123     | const     |    1 | Using where           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+

6. 條件下推

外部查詢條件不可以下推到複雜的視圖或子查詢的狀況有:

  1. 聚合子查詢;
  2. 含有LIMIT的子查詢;
  3. UNION 或UNION ALL子查詢;
  4. 輸出字段中的子查詢;

以下面的語句,從執行計劃能夠看出其條件做用於聚合子查詢以後:

SELECT * 
FROM   (SELECT target, 
               Count(*) 
        FROM   operation 
        GROUP  BY target) t 
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx'
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type  | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ref   | <auto_key0>   | <auto_key0> | 514     | const |    2 | Using where |
|  2 | DERIVED     | operation  | index | idx_4         | idx_4       | 519     | NULL  |   20 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

肯定從語義上查詢條件能夠直接下推後,重寫以下:

SELECT target, 
       Count(*) 
FROM   operation 
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx' 
GROUP  BY target

執行計劃變爲:

+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

關於MySQL外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考之前文章:MySQL · 性能優化 · 條件下推到物化表

7. 提早縮小範圍

先上初始SQL語句:

SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
       LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
              ON o.uid = u.uid
       LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
              ON o.pid = p.pid 
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 ) 
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT  0, 15

該SQL語句原意是:先作一系列的左鏈接,而後排序取前15條記錄。從執行計劃也能夠看出,最後一步估算排序記錄數爲90萬,時間消耗爲12秒。

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort       |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | p     | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

因爲最後WHERE條件以及排序均針對最左主表,所以能夠先對my_order排序提早縮小數據量再作左鏈接。SQL重寫後以下,執行時間縮小爲1毫秒左右。

SELECT * 
FROM (
SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 ) 
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT  0, 15
) o 
     LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
              ON o.uid = u.uid 
     LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
              ON o.pid = p.pid 
ORDER BY  o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再檢查執行計劃:子查詢物化後(select_type=DERIVED)參與JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然爲90萬,可是利用了索引以及LIMIT 子句後,實際執行時間變得很小。

+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |     15 | Using temporary; Using filesort                    |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | u          | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | p          | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
|  2 | DERIVED     | o          | index  | NULL          | idx_1   | 5       | NULL  | 909112 | Using where                                        |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

8. 中間結果集下推

再來看下面這個已經初步優化過的例子(左鏈接中的主表優先做用查詢條件):

SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      ( 
              SELECT   resourceid 
              FROM     my_distribute d 
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
              SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
              FROM     my_resources 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那麼該語句還存在其它問題嗎?不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢,在表數量特別大的狀況下會致使整個語句的性能降低。

其實對於子查詢 c,左鏈接最後結果集只關心能和主表resourceid能匹配的數據。所以咱們能夠重寫語句以下,執行時間從原來的2秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      ( 
                   SELECT   resourceid 
                   FROM     my_distribute d 
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
                   SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
                   FROM     my_resources r, 
                            ( 
                                     SELECT   resourceid 
                                     FROM     my_distribute d 
                                     WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                                     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                                     ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

可是子查詢 a 在咱們的SQL語句中出現了屢次。這種寫法不只存在額外的開銷,還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用WITH語句再次重寫:

WITH a AS 
( 
         SELECT   resourceid 
         FROM     my_distribute d 
         WHERE    isdelete = 0 
         AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
         ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
                   SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
                   FROM     my_resources r, 
                            a 
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

AliSQL即將推出WITH語法,敬請期待。

總結

  1. 數據庫編譯器產生執行計劃,決定着SQL的實際執行方式。可是編譯器只是盡力服務,全部數據庫的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。上述提到的多數場景,在其它數據庫中也存在性能問題。瞭解數據庫編譯器的特性,才能避規其短處,寫出高性能的SQL語句。
  2. 程序員在設計數據模型以及編寫SQL語句時,要把算法的思想或意識帶進來。
  3. 編寫複雜SQL語句要養成使用WITH語句的習慣。簡潔且思路清晰的SQL語句也能減少數據庫的負擔 ^^。
  4. 使用雲上數據庫遇到難點(不侷限於SQL問題),隨時尋求阿里雲原廠專家服務的幫助。
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