Saltstack學習(二)-數據系統

saltstack主要有兩種數據系統:html

  • Grains
  • Pillar

1、數據系統-Grains

1.一、Grains簡介

1)當minion啓動後會收集自身的狀態信息即grains信息,grains信息是靜態的,存儲在minion端,如操做系統版本,內核版本,CPU,內存,硬盤,設備型號等。這些信息能夠做爲master端的匹配目標node

2)master端能夠自定義grains設置,但須要執行命令推送到minion端python

3)master端推送的數據會存放在minion端的/var/cache/saltlinux

grains官方文檔:https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/grains/ios

刷新grains的方法git

一、重啓minion
二、master強制刷新:salt '*' saltutil.sync_grains或者saltutil.sync_all

1.二、使用grains查詢minion端相關信息

1)salt '*' grains.ls  ==>列出全部可打印的狀態模塊web

[root@salt-master ~]# salt 'salt-minion1-c7' grains.ls
salt-minion1-c7:
    - SSDs
    - biosreleasedate
    - biosversion
    - cpu_flags
    - cpu_model
    - cpuarch
    - disks
    - dns
    - domain
    - fqdn
    - fqdn_ip4
    - fqdn_ip6
    - fqdns
    - gid
    - gpus
    - groupname
    - host
    - hwaddr_interfaces
    - id
    - init
    - ip4_gw
    - ip4_interfaces
    - ip6_gw
    - ip6_interfaces
    - ip_gw
    - ip_interfaces
    - ipv4
    - ipv6
    - kernel
    - kernelrelease
    - kernelversion
    - locale_info
    - localhost
    - lsb_distrib_codename
    - lsb_distrib_id
    - machine_id
    - manufacturer
    - master
    - mdadm
    - mem_total
    - nodename
    - num_cpus
    - num_gpus
    - os
    - os_family
    - osarch
    - oscodename
    - osfinger
    - osfullname
    - osmajorrelease
    - osrelease
    - osrelease_info
    - path
    - pid
    - productname
    - ps
    - pythonexecutable
    - pythonpath
    - pythonversion
    - saltpath
    - saltversion
    - saltversioninfo
    - selinux
    - serialnumber
    - server_id
    - shell
    - swap_total
    - systemd
    - uid
    - username
    - uuid
    - virtual
    - zfs_feature_flags
    - zfs_support
    - zmqversion

2)salt '*' grains.items  ==>列出狀態信息shell

[root@salt-master ~]# salt 'salt-minion1-c7' grains.items
salt-minion1-c7:
    ----------
    SSDs:
    biosreleasedate:
        05/19/2017
    biosversion:
        6.00
    cpu_flags:
        - fpu
        - vme
        - de
        - pse
        - tsc
        - msr
        - pae
        - mce
        - cx8
        - apic
        - sep
        - mtrr
        - pge
        - mca
        - cmov
        - pat
        - pse36
        - clflush
        - mmx
        - fxsr
        - sse
        - sse2
        - ss
        - syscall
        - nx
        - pdpe1gb
        - rdtscp
        - lm
        - constant_tsc
        - arch_perfmon
        - nopl
        - xtopology
        - tsc_reliable
        - nonstop_tsc
        - eagerfpu
        - pni
        - pclmulqdq
        - ssse3
        - fma
        - cx16
        - pcid
        - sse4_1
        - sse4_2
        - x2apic
        - movbe
        - popcnt
        - tsc_deadline_timer
        - aes
        - xsave
        - avx
        - f16c
        - rdrand
        - hypervisor
        - lahf_lm
        - abm
        - 3dnowprefetch
        - fsgsbase
        - tsc_adjust
        - bmi1
        - avx2
        - smep
        - bmi2
        - invpcid
        - rdseed
        - adx
        - smap
        - xsaveopt
        - arat
    cpu_model:
        Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8550U CPU @ 1.80GHz
    cpuarch:
        x86_64
    disks:
        - sda
        - sr0
    dns:
        ----------
        domain:
        ip4_nameservers:
            - 223.5.5.5
        ip6_nameservers:
        nameservers:
            - 223.5.5.5
        options:
        search:
        sortlist:
    domain:
    fqdn:
        salt-minion1-c7
    fqdn_ip4:
        - 10.0.0.21
    fqdn_ip6:
        - fe80::20c:29ff:fe3e:9d2f
    fqdns:
    gid:
        0
    gpus:
        |_
          ----------
          model:
              SVGA II Adapter
          vendor:
              vmware
    groupname:
        root
    host:
        salt-minion1-c7
    hwaddr_interfaces:
        ----------
        eth0:
            00:0c:29:3e:9d:2f
        lo:
            00:00:00:00:00:00
    id:
        salt-minion1-c7
    init:
        systemd
    ip4_gw:
        10.0.0.254
    ip4_interfaces:
        ----------
        eth0:
            - 10.0.0.21
        lo:
            - 127.0.0.1
    ip6_gw:
        False
    ip6_interfaces:
        ----------
        eth0:
            - fe80::20c:29ff:fe3e:9d2f
        lo:
            - ::1
    ip_gw:
        True
    ip_interfaces:
        ----------
        eth0:
            - 10.0.0.21
            - fe80::20c:29ff:fe3e:9d2f
        lo:
            - 127.0.0.1
            - ::1
    ipv4:
        - 10.0.0.21
        - 127.0.0.1
    ipv6:
        - ::1
        - fe80::20c:29ff:fe3e:9d2f
    kernel:
        Linux
    kernelrelease:
        3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
    kernelversion:
        #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017
    locale_info:
        ----------
        defaultencoding:
            UTF-8
        defaultlanguage:
            en_US
        detectedencoding:
            UTF-8
    localhost:
        salt-minion1-c7
    lsb_distrib_codename:
        CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
    lsb_distrib_id:
        CentOS Linux
    machine_id:
        6a95166986604960b8a690e6e5103d2f
    manufacturer:
        VMware, Inc.
    master:
        10.0.0.11
    mdadm:
    mem_total:
        976
    nodename:
        salt-minion1-c7
    num_cpus:
        1
    num_gpus:
        1
    os:
        CentOS
    os_family:
        RedHat
    osarch:
        x86_64
    oscodename:
        CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
    osfinger:
        CentOS Linux-7
    osfullname:
        CentOS Linux
    osmajorrelease:
        7
    osrelease:
        7.4.1708
    osrelease_info:
        - 7
        - 4
        - 1708
    path:
        /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
    pid:
        15941
    productname:
        VMware Virtual Platform
    ps:
        ps -efHww
    pythonexecutable:
        /usr/bin/python
    pythonpath:
        - /usr/bin
        - /usr/lib64/python27.zip
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/plat-linux2
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-tk
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-old
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-dynload
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/gtk-2.0
        - /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages
    pythonversion:
        - 2
        - 7
        - 5
        - final
        - 0
    saltpath:
        /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt
    saltversion:
        2019.2.0
    saltversioninfo:
        - 2019
        - 2
        - 0
        - 0
    selinux:
        ----------
        enabled:
            False
        enforced:
            Disabled
    serialnumber:
        VMware-56 4d e6 d4 88 d2 ac 39-c3 e1 9b 64 a5 3e 9d 2f
    server_id:
        1333013820
    shell:
        /bin/sh
    swap_total:
        2047
    systemd:
        ----------
        features:
            +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
        version:
            219
    uid:
        0
    username:
        root
    uuid:
        d4e64d56-d288-39ac-c3e1-9b64a53e9d2f
    virtual:
        VMware
    zfs_feature_flags:
        False
    zfs_support:
        False
    zmqversion:
        4.1.4

3)salt '*' grains.item fqdn_ip4  ==>列出特定的狀態項,如獲取minion的ip地址數據庫

[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' grains.item fqdn_ip4
salt-minion1-c7:
    ----------
    fqdn_ip4:
        - 10.0.0.21
salt-minion2-c7:
    ----------
    fqdn_ip4:
        - 10.0.0.22
salt-minion3-c7:
    ----------
    fqdn_ip4:
        - 10.0.0.23
salt-minion4-c6:
    ----------
    fqdn_ip4:
[root@salt-master ~]# salt 'salt-minion4-c6' grains.item ip4_interfaces:eth0
salt-minion4-c6:
    ----------
    ip4_interfaces:eth0:
        - 10.0.0.24

4)salt '*' grains.get [key]  ==>獲取相關信息vim

[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' grains.get saltversion
salt-minion2-c7:
    2019.2.0
salt-minion1-c7:
    2019.2.0
salt-minion3-c7:
    2019.2.0
salt-minion4-c6:
    2019.2.0

[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' grains.get ip4_interfaces:eth0
salt-minion1-c7:
    - 10.0.0.21
salt-minion2-c7:
    - 10.0.0.22
salt-minion3-c7:
    - 10.0.0.23
salt-minion4-c6:
    - 10.0.0.24

5)salt –G   ==>指定匹配目標的主機執行命令

[root@salt-master ~]# salt -G 'osmajorrelease:7' cmd.run 'uptime'   #在centos7上執行,centos6不執行
salt-minion1-c7:
     00:10:36 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
salt-minion2-c7:
     00:10:36 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.08, 0.05, 0.05
salt-minion3-c7:
     00:10:36 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.04, 0.03, 0.05
[root@salt-master ~]# salt -G 'os:CentOS' cmd.run 'uptime'    #在系統是centos的主機上執行
salt-minion3-c7:
     00:10:56 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.03, 0.03, 0.05
salt-minion2-c7:
     00:10:56 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.05, 0.05, 0.05
salt-minion4-c6:
     08:09:26 up  5:28,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
salt-minion1-c7:
     00:10:56 up  5:30,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

1.三、根據minion端自定義的grains,執行遠程目標匹配

#編輯minion端的配置文件,自定義grains
[root@salt-minion1-c7 ~]# vim /etc/salt/minion
grains:
  roles:
    - webserver
  os_version:
    - centos7.5

#重啓minion
[root@salt-minion1-c7 ~]# systemctl restart salt-minion

#master端執行目標匹配
[root@salt-master ~]# salt -G 'roles:webserver' test.ping 
salt-minion1-c7:
    True
[root@salt-master ~]# salt -G 'os_version:centos7.5' test.ping 
salt-minion1-c7:
    True

1.四、Master端編寫一個GrainsPython腳本推送給minion

默認自定義腳本須要放在Master的/srv/salt/_grains目錄下,這個目錄須要本身建立,由/etc/salt/masterfile_root定義。同步到Minion的腳本會被放在minion的/var/cache/salt/minion/extmods/grains/

自定義python腳本格式:

def 自定義函數名():
    grains = {}
    grains['須要添加的grain item 名字'] = 命令行獲取方法
    return grains

獲取系統時間實例:

#在master端自定義python腳本
[root@salt-master ~]# cat /srv/salt/_grains/get_time.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from datetime import datetime
def get_server_time():
    grains = {}
    grains['server_time'] = datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
    return grains

#使用sync_grains命令同步腳本到Minion主機上,並經過grains.item命令獲取相關信息
[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' saltutil.sync_grains
salt-minion1-c7:
    - grains.get_time
salt-minion4-c6:
    - grains.get_time
salt-minion2-c7:
    - grains.get_time
salt-minion3-c7:
    - grains.get_time

[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' grains.get server_time
salt-minion2-c7:
    2019-08-31 10:17:10
salt-minion1-c7:
    2019-08-31 10:17:10
salt-minion3-c7:
    2019-08-31 10:17:10
salt-minion4-c6:
    2019-08-31 18:16:39

#Minion存放Master同步來的腳本目錄
[root@salt-minion1-c7 ~]# ll /var/cache/salt/minion/extmods/grains/
-rw------- 1 root root 206 Aug 31 10:17 get_time.py
-rw------- 1 root root 443 Aug 31 10:17 get_time.pyc

1.五、grains定義優先級

默認grains信息>minion配置文件定義>master定義的grains推送

2、數據系統-Pillar

1.一、Pillar簡介

Pillar是動態的,Pillar存儲在master端,提供給minion端
Pillar主要記錄一些加密信息, 能夠確保這些敏感數據不被其餘minion看到。
Pillar在SaltStack中主要做用是存儲和定義配置管理中須要的一些數據,好比軟件版本號、用戶名密碼等信息,它的存儲格式跟Grains相似,都是YAML格式。

pillar官方文檔:https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/pillar/

pillar相關文件:

  • 默認目錄: /srv/pillar/, 在master配置文件中指定,目錄默認須要本身建立。修改配置文件可修改。
  • 入口文件: /srv/pillar/top.sls , pillar默認的主入口配置文件。
  • Pillar默認值:與grains不一樣,全部的pillar值都是人爲設定的,默認pillar爲空。
  • sls 文件:pillar的文件,sls是saltstack的縮寫,YAML風格,支持jinja模板。

1.二、Pillar相關命令

salt '*' sys.doc pillar            # 查看與pillar有關的幫助信息
salt '*' pillar.items              # 獲取全部pillar items值
salt '*' pillar.data               # 等價於pillar.items
salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar   # 刷新pillar值
salt '*' saltutil.sync_all         # 刷新pillar值,與refresh_pillar操做相似,但範圍更大
salt '*' sys.list_functions pillar # 列出全部的pillar相關函數方法
salt '*' pillar.get xxx            # 獲取某項的值,相似於python字典的get函數
salt '*' pillar.raw                 # 內存中獲取
salt '*' state.highstate pillar={'test': 'abc'}  # 在命令設置pillar 數據

1.三、master配置Pillar相關信息

(1)pillar目錄
pillar_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/pillar

(2)是否將master配置文件中的數據信息添加到pillar中,默認是不加,須要的話能夠改爲True,重啓服務生效。
pillar_opts: False

(3)pillar 源,salt支持引入pillar外部資源,例如從數據庫導入pillar值,默認是關閉的
ext_pillar_first: False

(4)開啓pillar gitgs ssl驗證
pillar_gitfs_ssl_verify: True

(5)開啓pillar render 錯誤信息
pillar_safe_render_error: True

(6)設置pillar配置合併策略
pillar_source_merging_strategy: smart

1.四、Pillar刷新方式

1)salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar

2)salt '*' saltutil.sync_all

1.五、Pillar的sls文件說明

默認文件入口:/src/pillar/top.sls

top.sls的引用有兩種

1)將引用sls文件放在同級目錄

[root@saltmaster srv]# tree /srv/pillar/
/srv/pillar/       # 默認pillar文件目錄
├── packages.sls   # packages 引用文件
├── services.sls   # services 引用文件
└── top.sls        # 固定的入口文件top.sls

2)在/src/pillar/ 目錄下建立對應的packages, services目錄,並在該目錄下建立init.sls文件

[root@saltmaster srv]# tree /srv/pillar/
/srv/pillar/
├── packages       # packages 目錄
│   └── init.sls   # 引用文件
├── services       # services 目錄
│   └── init.sls   # 引用文件
└── top.sls        # 固定的入口文件top.sls

備註:若是要引用執行的sls文件和目錄同時存在,也就是方法一和方法二都存在,packages.sls和packages/init.sls,會優先使用packages.sls文件

1.六、Pillar使用

1)在master端定義Pillar

[root@salt-master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
pillar_roots:
   base:
     - /srv/pillar
  
[root@salt-master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
[root@salt-master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
[root@salt-master ~]# mkdir /srv/pillar
[root@salt-master ~]# cd /srv/pillar

2)定義sls文件

[root@salt-master pillar]# cat zabbix.sls 
zabbix:
  package-name: zabbix
  version: 3.2.4
  port: 10050
  user: admin

#定義topfile
[root@salt-master pillar]# cat top.sls 
base:
  'salt-minion1-c7':
     - zabbix

3)刷新pillar

[root@salt-master pillar]# salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar

4)獲取對應的pillar值

[root@salt-master pillar]# salt 'salt-minion1-c7' pillar.item zabbix
salt-minion1-c7:
    ----------
    zabbix:
        ----------
        package-name:
            zabbix
        port:
            10050
        user:
            admin
        version:
            3.2.4

3、Pillar與Grains對比

類型 數據採集方式 應用場景 定義位置
Grains 靜態,minion啓動時採集 用於數據查詢,目標選擇,配置管理 minion
Pillar 動態,master上定義 用於目標選擇,配置管理,敏感數據 master
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