一 查詢語法介紹(單表查詢) 1 語法 SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 條件 GROUP BY field HAVING 篩選 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制條數 2 關鍵字的執行優先級(重點) 重點中的重點:關鍵字的執行優先級從上到下 from where group by having select distinct order by limit 說明: 1.找到表:from 2.拿着where指定的約束條件,去文件/表中取出一條條記錄 3.將取出的一條條記錄進行分組group by,若是沒有group by,則總體做爲一組 4.將分組的結果進行having過濾 5.執行select 6.去重 7.將結果按條件排序:order by 8.限制結果的顯示條數 例子:
表結構: company.employee 員工id id int 姓名 emp_name varchar性別 sex enum 年齡 age int入職日期 hire_date date 崗位 post varchar職位描述 post_comment varchar薪水 salary double辦公室 office int部門編號 depart_id int#建立表create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一個部門一個屋子 depart_id int); #查看錶結構 mysql> desc employee;+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | || sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | || age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | || hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | || post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | || post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | || salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | || office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | || depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+#插入記錄 #三個部門:教學,銷售,運營insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #如下是教學部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#如下是銷售部門 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #如下是運營部門 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ;
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三種簡單的查詢:
#簡單查尋: select * from employee; select name,salary from employee; #避免重複 mysql> select distinct post from employee; #經過四則運算查詢 SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; #查詢到的薪資乘以12,as是重命名 +------------+---------------+| name | Annual_salary |+------------+---------------+| egon | 87603.96 || alex | 12000003.72 || wupeiqi | 99600.00 || yuanhao | 42000.00 || liwenzhou | 25200.00 || jingliyang | 108000.00 || jinxin | 360000.00 || 成龍 | 120000.00 || 歪歪 | 36001.56 || 丫丫 | 24004.20 || 丁丁 | 12004.44 || 星星 | 36003.48 || 格格 | 48003.96 || 張野 | 120001.56 || 程咬金 | 240000.00 || 程咬銀 | 228000.00 || 程咬銅 | 216000.00 || 程咬鐵 | 204000.00 |+------------+---------------+
#查詢的時候哈能夠定義顯示格式 CONCAT() 函數用於鏈接字符串 例子:
mysql> SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary-> FROM employee;+---------------------------------------+| Annual_salary |+---------------------------------------+| 姓名: egon 年薪: 87603.96 || 姓名: alex 年薪: 12000003.72 || 姓名: wupeiqi 年薪: 99600.00 || 姓名: yuanhao 年薪: 42000.00 || 姓名: liwenzhou 年薪: 25200.00 || 姓名: jingliyang 年薪: 108000.00 || 姓名: jinxin 年薪: 360000.00 || 姓名: 成龍 年薪: 120000.00 || 姓名: 歪歪 年薪: 36001.56 || 姓名: 丫丫 年薪: 24004.20 || 姓名: 丁丁 年薪: 12004.44 || 姓名: 星星 年薪: 36003.48 || 姓名: 格格 年薪: 48003.96 || 姓名: 張野 年薪: 120001.56 || 姓名: 程咬金 年薪: 240000.00 || 姓名: 程咬銀 年薪: 228000.00 || 姓名: 程咬銅 年薪: 216000.00 || 姓名: 程咬鐵 年薪: 204000.00 |+---------------------------------------+18 rows in set (0.32 sec)
二 where條件約束 where字句中能夠使用: 1. 比較運算符:> < >= <= <> != 2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之間 3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30 4. like 'egon%' pattern能夠是%或_, %表示任意多字符 _表示一個字符 5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接能夠使用邏輯運算符 and or not #1:單條件查詢 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post='sale'; #2:多條件查詢
SELECT name,salary FROM employeeWHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
#3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND
SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
#4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個字段是否爲NULL不能用等號,須要用IS)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL;SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null ps: 執行update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上條查看,就會有結果了
#5:關鍵字IN集合查詢
SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
#6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’#雙下劃線一個_表明一個字符,兩個表明兩個字符 例子:
mysql> select * from emp where name like '__';+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+| 8 | 成龍 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 || 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 || 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 || 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 || 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 || 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 || 14 | 張野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
三 分組查詢:GROUP BY #一、首先明確一點:分組發生在where以後,即分組是基於where以後獲得的記錄而進行的 #二、分組指的是:將全部記錄按照某個相同字段進行歸類,好比針對員工信息表的職位分組,或者按照性別進行分組等 若是想分組,則必需要設置全局的sql的模式爲ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
1 mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY'; 2 3 #查看MySQL 5.7默認的sql_mode以下: 4 mysql> select @@global.sql_mode; 5 +--------------------+ 6 | @@global.sql_mode | 7 +--------------------+ 8 | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY | 9 +--------------------+10 row in set (0.00 sec)11 12 mysql> exit;#設置成功後,必定要退出,而後從新登陸方可生效
而後查詢:使用分組必須和聚合函數一塊兒使用
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;+-----------------------------------------+-----------+| post | count(id) |+-----------------------------------------+-----------+| operation | 5 || sale | 5 || teacher | 7 || 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使 | 1 |+-----------------------------------------+-----------+4 rows in set (0.34 sec)GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一塊兒使用 mysql> SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+| post | GROUP_CONCAT(name) |+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+| operation | 張野,程咬金,程咬銀,程咬銅,程咬鐵 || sale | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 || teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龍 || 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使 | egon |+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
四 聚合函數 #強調:聚合函數聚合的是組的內容,如果沒有分組,則默認一組 示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3; 五 HAVING過濾 HAVING與WHERE不同的地方在於!!!!!! #!!!執行優先級從高到低:where > group by > having #1. Where 發生在分組group by以前,於是Where中能夠有任意字段,可是絕對不能使用聚合函數。 #2. Having發生在分組group by以後,於是Having中能夠使用分組的字段,沒法直接取到其餘字段,能夠使用聚合函數 例子:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary)> 10000;+-----------+---------------+| post | avg(salary) |+-----------+---------------+| operation | 16800.026000 || teacher | 151842.901429 |+-----------+---------------+2 rows in set (0.27 sec) mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
分組後沒法直接取到salary字段
例子3:
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+| post | group_concat(name) |+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+| operation | 張野,程咬金,程咬銀,程咬銅,程咬鐵 || teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龍 |+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
六 查詢排序:ORDER BY 按單列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序,若是年紀相同,則按照薪資排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC; 七 限制查詢的記錄數:LIMIT 示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默認初始位置爲0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,而後包含這一條在內日後查5條 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,而後包含這一條在內日後查5條 八 使用正則表達式查詢 SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}'; 小結:對字符串匹配的方式 WHERE name = 'egon'; WHERE name LIKE 'yua%'; WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'; 例子: 查看全部員工中名字是jin開頭,n或者g結果的員工信息 select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';