程序日誌由淺入深(Go語言描述)

程序中記錄日誌的首要目的:Troubleshooting。經過記錄程序中對外部系統與模塊的依賴調用、重要狀態信息的變化、關鍵變量、關鍵邏輯等,顯示基於時間軸的程序運行軌跡,顯示業務是否正常、是否存在非預期執行,在出問題時方便還原現場,推斷程序運行過程、理清問題的方向。git

本文將討論在實現日誌功能過程當中常見的一些問題,包括基礎API、格式化、日誌轉發及可視化等方面,代碼採用Go語言描述。github

1、Basic

一、後臺輸出golang

package main

import (
  "fmt"
)

func main(){
  fmt.Println("------hello world-----")
}

二、There are no exceptions in Golang, only errors.bash

Go語言不支持傳統的 try…catch…finally 這種異常,由於Go語言的設計者們認爲,將異常與控制結構混在一塊兒會很容易使得代碼變得混亂。由於開發者很容易濫用異常,甚至一個小小的錯誤都拋出一個異常,替代方案是使用多值返回來返回錯誤。固然Go並非全面否認異常的存在,或者用recover+panic語法實現,只是極力不鼓勵多用異常。tcp

package main

import (
    "log"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
   /* local variable definition */
  ...

   /* function for division which return an error if divide by 0 */
   ret,err = div(a, b)
   if err != nil {
      log.Fatal(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(ret)
}

三、寫入日誌文件:ide

package main

import (
  "log"
  "os"
)

func main(){
  f,err :=os.OpenFile("test.log",os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND,0644)
  if err !=nil{
    log.Fatal(err)
  }
  defer f.Close()
  log.SetOutput(f)
  log.Println("==========works==============")
}
YRMacBook-Pro:go-log yanrui$ more test.log
2017/05/24 21:46:25 ==========works==============

2、格式化

推薦日誌工具庫:logrus工具

$ go get github.com/Sirupsen/logrus

一、JSON formatui

package main

import (
  log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
  "github.com/logmatic/logmatic-go"
)

func main() {
    // use JSONFormatter
    log.SetFormatter(&logmatic.JSONFormatter{})
    // log an event as usual with logrus
    log.WithFields(log.Fields{"string": "foo", "int": 1, "float": 1.1 }).Info("My first ssl event from golang")
}

日誌輸出樣式:設計

{
  "@marker":["sourcecode","golang"],
  "date":"2017-05-24T15:27:40+08:00",
  "float":1.1,"int":1,"level":"info",
  "message":"My first ssl event from golang",
  "string":"foo"
}

3、附加上下文

經過logrus庫能夠加入一些上下文信息,例如:主機名稱,程序名稱或者會話參數等。日誌

contextLogger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
  "common": "XXX common content XXX",
  "other": "YYY special context YYY",
})

contextLogger.Info("AAAAAAAAAAAA")
contextLogger.Info("BBBBBBBBBBBB")

日誌輸出樣式:

YRMacBook-Pro:go-log yanrui$ go run LogMatic.go
{"@marker":["sourcecode","golang"],"common":"XXX common content XXX","date":"2017-05-24T17:00:08+08:00","level":"info","message":"AAAAAAAAAAAA","other":"YYY special context YYY"}
{"@marker":["sourcecode","golang"],"common":"XXX common content XXX","date":"2017-05-24T17:00:08+08:00","level":"info","message":"BBBBBBBBBBBB","other":"YYY special context YYY"}
YRMacBook-Pro:go-log yanrui$

4、Hooks

咱們還能夠利用Hook機制實現日誌功能擴展,例如Syslog hook,將輸出的日誌發送到指定的Syslog服務。

package main

import (
  log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
  "gopkg.in/gemnasium/logrus-airbrake-hook.v2" // the package is named "aibrake"
  logrus_syslog "github.com/sirupsen/logrus/hooks/syslog"
  "log/syslog"
)

func main(){
    hook, err := logrus_syslog.NewSyslogHook("udp", "59.37.0.1:514", syslog.LOG_INFO, "")
    if err != nil {
      log.Error("Unable to connect to local syslog daemon")
    } else {
      log.AddHook(hook)
    }
}

驗證是否發送Syslog:

$ sudo tcpdump | grep 59.37.0.1
tcpdump: data link type PKTAP
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on pktap, link-type PKTAP (Apple DLT_PKTAP), capture size 262144 bytes
18:51:05.663612 IP 192.168.199.15.58819 > 59.37.0.1.syslog: SYSLOG kernel.info, length: 314
18:51:05.663657 IP 192.168.199.15.58819 > 59.37.0.1.syslog: SYSLOG kernel.info, length: 314

5、可視化

在真實場景中日誌數據體量很是龐大,日誌存儲只是第一步,更多的狀況是須要查看特定指標或者可以快速檢索信息,此時日誌分析平臺就發揮做用了。以logmatic爲例,能夠在它的官網註冊https://logmatic.io/,免費體驗。

在使用logmatic以前,須要下載它的hook支持:

$ go get github.com/logmatic/logmatic-go
func main() {
    // instantiate a new Logger with your Logmatic APIKey
    // 國內訪問比較慢
  	log.AddHook(logmatic.NewLogmaticHook("p53uTkOhSEqI3-116DynkQ"))

    // ..........
}

效果以下:

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