觀察者模式定義了對象之間一對對多的依賴關係,當一個對象改變了狀態,它的全部依賴會被通知,而後自動更新。javascript
和其餘模式相比,這種模式又增長了一個原則:html
因此主要的想法是咱們要有一個大的對象來處理訂閱(Subject/Observable),以及不少對象(Observers)被訂閱而後等待事件觸發。java
還有一個重要的點就是Observers接受消息的順序是隨機的,因此你不要依照Observers添加的順序。jquery
var Observable = {
observers: []
, addObserver: function(observer) {
this.observers.push(observer)
}
, removeObserver: function(observer) {
var index = this.observers.indexOf(observer)
if (~index) {
this.observers.splice(index, 1)
}
}
, notifyObservers: function(message) {
for (var i = this.observers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
this.observers[i](message)
};
}
}
Observable.addObserver(function(message){
console.log("First observer message:" + message)
})
var observer = function(message){
console.log("Second observer message:" + message)
}
Observable.addObserver(observer)
Observable.notifyObservers('test 1')
// Second observer message:test 1
// First observer message:test 1
Observable.removeObserver(observer)
Observable.notifyObservers('test 2')
// First observer message:test 2複製代碼
若是你想用某種形式的ID來刪除,而不是傳入回調函數,那麼代碼須要改爲下面這樣:git
var Observable = {
observers: []
, lastId: -1
, addObserver: function(observer) {
this.observers.push({
callback: observer
, id: ++this.lastId
})
return this.lastId
}
, removeObserver: function(id) {
for (var i = this.observers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
this.observers[i]
if (this.observers[i].id == id) {
this.observers.splice(i, 1)
return true
}
}
return false
}
, notifyObservers: function(message) {
for (var i = this.observers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
this.observers[i].callback(message)
};
}
}
var id_1 = Observable.addObserver(function(message){
console.log("First observer message:" + message)
})
var observer = function(message){
console.log("Second observer message:" + message)
}
var id_2 = Observable.addObserver(observer)
Observable.notifyObservers('test 1')
Observable.removeObserver(id_2)
Observable.notifyObservers('test 2')複製代碼
觀察者模式有兩種重要的策略:github
Push - 當一個事件發生後將通知全部觀察者,並把全部的新數據傳給他們api
Pull - 當一個事件發生後將通知全部觀察者,每一個觀察者將拉取本身須要的數據數組
當你只想要你須要的數據,Pull 方法更爲可取,在下面這個例子中,Subject將會通知觀察者發生了改變,而後每一個觀察者取它們本身須要的數據。而且在這個例子中,咱們隱藏觀察者數組,而且將各自的私有數據存到閉包中。bash
var Observable = {}
;(function(O){
var observers = []
, privateVar
O.addObserver = function(observer) {
observers.push(observer)
}
O.removeObserver = function(observer) {
var index = observers.indexOf(observer)
if (~index) {
observers.splice(index, 1)
}
}
O.notifyObservers = function() {
for (var i = observers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
observers[i].update()
};
}
O.updatePrivate = function(newValue) {
privateVar = newValue
this.notifyObservers()
}
O.getPrivate = function() {
return privateVar
}
}(Observable))
Observable.addObserver({
update: function(){
this.process()
}
, process: function(){
var value = Observable.getPrivate()
console.log("Private value is: " + value)
}
})
Observable.updatePrivate('test 1')
// Private value is: test 1
Observable.updatePrivate('test 2')
// Private value is: test 2複製代碼
爲了避免建立多個可觀察對象,最好在觀察者模式中加入主題功能,最簡單的形式看起來是這樣的:閉包
var Observable = {
observers: []
, addObserver: function(topic, observer) {
this.observers[topic] || (this.observers[topic] = [])
this.observers[topic].push(observer)
}
, removeObserver: function(topic, observer) {
if (!this.observers[topic])
return;
var index = this.observers[topic].indexOf(observer)
if (~index) {
this.observers[topic].splice(index, 1)
}
}
, notifyObservers: function(topic, message) {
if (!this.observers[topic])
return;
for (var i = this.observers[topic].length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
this.observers[topic][i](message)
};
}
}
Observable.addObserver('cart', function(message){
console.log("First observer message:" + message)
})
Observable.addObserver('notificatons', function(message){
console.log("Second observer message:" + message)
})
Observable.notifyObservers('cart', 'test 1')
// First observer message:test 1
Observable.notifyObservers('notificatons', 'test 2')
// Second observer message:test 2複製代碼
更高級的功能會有以下特性:
子話題 (好比 /bar/green 或者 bar.green)
發佈到主題傳播到子主題
發佈到全部主題
訂閱者優先級
jQuery有一個很好的特性,$.Callback。除了經典的觀察功能外,他還有其餘的一組標記:
once: 確保callback列表只能被觸發一次
memory: 跟蹤數據
unique: 確保回調函數只會被添加一次。
stopOnFalse: 當回調函數返回false,則中斷調用。
使用這些選項你能夠定製的你的觀察者。讓咱們來看看最基礎的例子:
var callbacks = jQuery.Callbacks()
, Topic = {
publish: callbacks.fire,
subscribe: callbacks.add,
unsubscribe: callbacks.remove
}
function fn1( value ){
console.log( "fn1: " + value );
}
function fn2( value ){
console.log("fn2: " + value);
}
Topic.subscribe(fn1);
Topic.subscribe(fn2);
Topic.publish('hello world!');
Topic.publish('woo! mail!');複製代碼
若是你想看一些複雜的例子,請點這裏。
下面是一個簡單的例子,幾乎相同的例子能夠在「CoffeeScript Cookbook [7]」中找到。
class Observable
constructor: () ->
@subscribers = []
subscribe: (callback) ->
@subscribers.push callback
unsubscribe: (callback) ->
@subscribers = @subscribers.filter (item) -> item isnt callback
notify: () ->
subscriber() for subscriber in @subscribers
class Observer1
onUpdate: () ->
console.log "1st got new message"
class Observer2
onUpdate: () ->
console.log "2nd updated"
observable = new Observable()
observer1 = new Observer1()
observer2 = new Observer2()
observable.subscribe observer1.onUpdate
observable.subscribe observer2.onUpdate
observable.notify()複製代碼
(github) shichuan / javascript-patterns / design-patterns / observer.html and jQuery examples
(書) JavaScript Patterns: Build Better Applications with Coding and Design Patterns
(書) Learning JavaScript Design Patterns: A JavaScript and jQuery Developer's Guide
(書) Pro JavaScript Design Patterns: The Essentials of Object-Oriented JavaScript Programming
原文:bumbu.github.io/javascript-…譯者:繆宇