使用k8s-prometheus-adapter實現HPA

使用k8s-prometheus-adapter實現HPA

環境:

kubernetes 1.9+node


自定義metric HPA原理:

首選須要建立一個apiservice(custom metrics AP)。nginx

adapter會根據配置的rules從Prometheus抓取並處理metrics,在處理(如重命名metrics等)完後將其發送到kubernetes的custom metrics API。後續HPA會經過該custom metrics API獲取metrics的value進行擴縮容git


Adapter config

部署adapter前須要配置adapter的rule,默認配置爲manifests/custom-metrics-config-map.yaml。adapter的配置主要分爲4個:github

  • Discovery:指定如何獲取Prometheus的metrics數據,經過seriesQuery挑選須要處理的metrics集合,能夠經過seriesFilters精確過濾metrics。正則表達式

    seriesQuery能夠根據標籤進行查找(以下),也能夠直接指定metric name查找shell

    seriesQuery: '{__name__=~"^container_.*_total",container_name!="POD",namespace!="",pod_name!=""}'
    seriesFilters:
      - isNot: "^container_.*_seconds_total"

    seriesFilters:json

    is: <regex>, 匹配包含該正則表達式的metrics.
    isNot: <regex>, 匹配不包含該正則表達式的metrics.
  • Association:設置metric與kubernetes resources的映射關係,kubernetes resorces能夠經過kubectl api-resources命令查看。overrides會將Prometheus label與一個kubernetes resource(下例爲deployment)關聯。須要注意的是該label必須是一個真實的kubernetes resource,如metric的pod_name能夠映射爲kubernetes的pod resource,但不能將container_image映射爲kubernetes的pod resource,映射錯誤可能會致使沒法經過custom metrics API獲取正確的值。這也表示metric中必須存在一個真實的resource 名稱,將其轉化爲kubernetes resource。bootstrap

    resources:
      overrides:
        microservice: {group: "apps", resource: "deployment"}
  • Naming:用於將prometheus metrics名稱轉化爲custom metrics API所使用的metrics名稱。若是不須要能夠不執行這一步。api

    # match turn any name <name>_total to <name>_per_second
    # e.g. http_requests_total becomes http_requests_per_second
    name:
      matches: "^(.*)_total$"
      as: "${1}_per_second"

    如本例中HPA後續能夠經過/apis/{APIService-name}/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespaces-name}/pods/*/http_requests_per_second獲取metricsbash

  • Querying:處理調用custom metrics API獲取到的metrics的value

    # convert cumulative cAdvisor metrics into rates calculated over 2 minutes
    metricsQuery: "sum(rate(<<.Series>>{<<.LabelMatchers>>,container_name!="POD"}[2m])) by (<<.GroupBy>>)"

    metricsQuery 字段使用Go template將URL請求轉變爲Prometheus的請求,它會提取custom metrics APIq請求中的字段,並將其劃分爲metric name,group-resource,以及group-resource中的一個或多個objects,對應以下字段:

    • Series: metric名稱
    • LabelMatchers: 以逗號分割的objects,當前表示特定group-resource加上命名空間的label(若是該group-resource 是namespaced的)
    • GroupBy:以逗號分割的label的集合,當前表示LabelMatchers中的group-resource label

    假設metrics http_requests_per_second以下

    http_requests_per_second{pod="pod1",service="nginx1",namespace="somens"}
    http_requests_per_second{pod="pod2",service="nginx2",namespace="somens"}

    當調用kubectl get --raw "/apis/{APIService-name}/v1beta1/namespaces/somens/pods/*/http_request_per_second"時,metricsQuery字段的模板的實際內容以下:

    • Series: "http_requests_total"
    • LabelMatchers: "pod=~\"pod1|pod2",namespace="somens"
    • GroupBy:pod

部署:

  • github下載k8s-prometheus-adapter

  • 參照官方文檔部署

    • pull鏡像:directxman12/k8s-prometheus-adapter:latest,修改鏡像tag並push到本地鏡像倉庫

    • 運行gencerts.sh生成cm-adapter-serving-certs.yaml,並將其拷貝到manifests/目錄下

      #!/usr/bin/env bash
      # exit immediately when a command fails
      set -e
      # only exit with zero if all commands of the pipeline exit successfully
      set -o pipefail
      # error on unset variables
      set -u
      
      # Detect if we are on mac or should use GNU base64 options
      case $(uname) in
              Darwin)
                  b64_opts='-b=0'
                  ;; 
              *)
                  b64_opts='--wrap=0'
      esac
      
      go get -v -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/...
      
      export PURPOSE=metrics
      openssl req -x509 -sha256 -new -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout ${PURPOSE}-ca.key -out ${PURPOSE}-ca.crt -subj "/CN=ca"
      echo '{"signing":{"default":{"expiry":"43800h","usages":["signing","key encipherment","'${PURPOSE}'"]}}}' > "${PURPOSE}-ca-config.json"
      
      export SERVICE_NAME=custom-metrics-apiserver
      export ALT_NAMES='"custom-metrics-apiserver.monitoring","custom-metrics-apiserver.monitoring.svc"'
      echo "{\"CN\":\"${SERVICE_NAME}\", \"hosts\": [${ALT_NAMES}], \"key\": {\"algo\": \"rsa\",\"size\": 2048}}" | \
              cfssl gencert -ca=metrics-ca.crt -ca-key=metrics-ca.key -config=metrics-ca-config.json - | cfssljson -bare apiserver
      
      cat <<-EOF > cm-adapter-serving-certs.yaml
      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Secret
      metadata:
        name: cm-adapter-serving-certs
      data:
        serving.crt: $(base64 ${b64_opts} < apiserver.pem)
        serving.key: $(base64 ${b64_opts} < apiserver-key.pem)
      EOF
    • 建立命名空間:kubectl create namespace custom-metrics

    • openshift的kube-system下面可能沒有role extension-apiserver-authentication-reader,若是不存在,則須要建立

      apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
      kind: Role
      metadata:
        annotations:
          rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
        labels:
          kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
        name: extension-apiserver-authentication-reader
        namespace: kube-system
      rules:
      - apiGroups:
        - ""
        resourceNames:
        - extension-apiserver-authentication
        resources:
        - configmaps
        verbs:
        - get
    • 修改custom-metrics-apiserver-deployment.yaml的--prometheus-url字段,指向正確的prometheus

    • 建立其餘組件:kubectl create -f manifests/,

校驗


HPA的配置

HPA支持的metrics類型有4種(下述爲v2beta2的格式):

  • resource:目前僅支持cpumemory。target能夠指定數值(targetAverageValue)和比例(targetAverageUtilization)進行擴縮容

  • pods:custom metrics,這類metrics描述了pod,target僅支持按指定數值(targetAverageValue)進行擴縮容。targetAverageValue 用於計算全部相關pods上的metrics的平均值

    type: Pods
    pods:
      metric:
        name: packets-per-second
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 1k
  • object:custom metrics,這類metrics描述了相同命名空間下的(非pod)對象。target支持經過valueAverageValue進行擴縮容,前者直接將metric與target比較進行擴縮容,後者經過metric/相關的pod數目與target比較進行擴縮容

    type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      target:
        type: Value
        value: 2k
  • external:kubernetes 1.10+。這類metrics與kubernetes集羣無關。與object相似,target支持經過valueAverageValue進行擴縮容。因爲external能夠嘗試匹配全部metrics,所以實際中不建議使用該類型。

    - type: External
      external:
        metric:
          name: queue_messages_ready
          selector: "queue=worker_tasks"
        target:
          type: AverageValue
          averageValue: 30
  • 1.6版本支持多metrics的擴縮容,當其中一個metrics達到擴容標準時就會建立pod副本(當前副本<maxReplicas)

注:target的value的一個單位能夠劃分爲1000份,每一份以m爲單位,如500m表示1/2個單位。參見Quantity


kubernetes metrics的獲取

假設註冊的APIService爲custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1,在註冊好APIService後HorizontalPodAutoscaler controller會從以/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1爲根API的路徑上抓取metrics。metrics的API path能夠分爲namespacednon-namespaced類型的。經過以下方式校驗HPA是否能夠獲取到metrics:

namespaced

  • 獲取指定namespace下指定object類型和名稱的metrics
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/{object-type}/{object-name}/{metric-name...}"

如獲取monitor命名空間下名爲grafana的pod的start_time_seconds metric

kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/monitor/pods/grafana/start_time_seconds"
  • 獲取指定namespace下全部特定object類型的metrics
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/pods/*/{metric-name...}"

如獲取monitor命名空間下名爲全部pod的start_time_seconds metric

kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/monitor/pods/*/start_time_seconds"
  • 使用labelSelector能夠選擇帶有特定label的object
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/{object-type}/{object-name}/{metric-name...}?labelSelector={label-name}"
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/pods/*/{metric-name...}?labelSelector={label-name}"

non-namespaced

non-namespaced和namespaced的相似,主要有node,namespace,PersistentVolume等。non-namespaced訪問有些與custom metrics API描述不一致。

  • 訪問object爲namespace的方式以下以下
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/metrics/{metric-name...}"
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/*/metrics/{metric-name...}"
  • 訪問node的方式以下
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/{node-name}/{metric-name...}"

DEBUG:

  • 使用以下方式查看註冊的APIService發現的全部rules

    kubectl get --raw /apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1

    若是獲取失敗,能夠看下使用oc get apiservice v1beta1.custom.metrics.k8s.io -oyaml查看statusmessage的相關信息

  • 經過以下方式查看完整的請求過程(--v=8)

    kubectl get --raw 「/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace-name}/pods/*/{metric-name...}" --v=8
  • 若是上述過程正確,但獲取到的items爲空
    • 首先保證k8s-prometheus-adapter的參數--metrics-relist-interval設置值大於Prometheus的參數scrape_interval
    • 確保k8s-prometheus-adapter rulesseriesQuery規則能夠抓取到Prometheus的數據
    • 確保k8s-prometheus-adapter rulesmetricsQuery規則能夠抓取到計算出數據,此處須要注意的是,若是使用到了計算某段時間的數據,若是時間設置太短,可能致使沒有數據生成

TIPS:

遺留問題:

HPA是如何感知註冊的apiservice的?

apiservice的工做模型

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