C# 依賴注入 & MEF

以前面試有問道依賴注入,由於一直是作客戶端的發開發,沒有接觸這個,後邊工做接觸到了MEF,順便熟悉一下依賴注入git

詳細的概念解釋就不講了,網上一大把,我的覺着依賴注入本質是爲了解耦,方便擴展面試

依賴注入的方式:屬性注入和構造函數注入,還有接口注入的,看了下跟屬性注入差很少·就不展現了多線程

上代碼:app

 public interface ICalc
    {
        double Calc(double a, double b);
    }

    public class AddCalc:ICalc
    {
       
        public double Calc(double a, double b)
        {
            return a + b;
        }
    }
    public class SubtractCalc:ICalc
    {
        public double Calc(double a, double b)
        {
            return a - b;
        }
    }

    public class MyClac {

        ICalc _calc;

        //屬性注入
        public ICalc Calc {
            get {
                return _calc;
            }
            set {
                _calc = value;
            }
        }

        //構造函數注入
        public MyClac(ICalc calc)
        {
            _calc = calc;
        }


        public double Calculate(double a, double b)
        {
            return _calc.Calc(a, b);
        }
    }

(DI )依賴注入是實現(IOC)控制反轉的一種方式,可是使用的時候,好比再擴展的時候仍是須要修改調用代碼,因此就有了IOC 容器來方便這個調用框架

.NET 下邊 MEF框架就是幹這個的, 本質是經過特性和反射在運行的時候程序集動態加載。dom

  //接口聲明

   //最終調用過程接口
    public interface ICalculator
    {
        string Calculate(String input);
    }
    //過程當中操做接口
    [InheritedExport]//這裏特性標識子類會被導出,後邊子類能夠不用表示export導出特性
    public interface IOperation
    {
        int Operate(int left, int right);
    }
    //這裏定義導出操做名稱,能夠用來在導出的操做中進行篩選識別,這個接口不用實現
    public interface IOperationData
    {
        string Symbol { get; }
    }

上邊是接口聲明,下邊實現這些接口函數

[Export(typeof(IOperation))]
    [ExportMetadata("Symbol", '+')]
    public  class Add : IOperation
    {
        public int Operate(int left, int right)
        {
            return left + right;
        }
    }
    [Export(typeof(IOperation))]
    [ExportMetadata("Symbol", '-')]
    public class Subtract : IOperation
    {

        public int Operate(int left, int right)
        {
            return left - right;
        }
    }
    [Export(typeof(IOperation))]
    [ExportMetadata("Symbol",'/')]
    public class Except : IOperation
    {
        public int Operate(int left, int right)
        {
            return left / right;
        }
    }

    [Export(typeof(ICalculator))]
    class MyCalculator : ICalculator
    {

        [ImportMany(AllowRecomposition = true)]
        IEnumerable<Lazy<IOperation, IOperationData>> operations;

        public string Calculate(string input)
        {
            int left;
            int right;
            char operation;
            int fn = FindFirstNonDigit(input); //finds the operator 
            if (fn < 0) return "Could not parse command.";

            try
            {
                //separate out the operands 
                left = int.Parse(input.Substring(0, fn));
                right = int.Parse(input.Substring(fn + 1));
            }
            catch
            {
                return "Could not parse command.";
            }

            operation = input[fn];

            foreach (Lazy<IOperation, IOperationData> i in operations)
            {
                
                if (i.Metadata.Symbol.Equals( operation))
                    return i.Value.Operate(left, right).ToString();
            }
            return "Operation Not Found!";
        }

        private int FindFirstNonDigit(String s)
        {

            for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
            {
                if (!(Char.IsDigit(s[i])))
                    return i;
            }
            return -1;
        }
    }

 

這裏由於加了exportmetadata特性,因此繼承類要加上export特性,否則MEF 好像不識別,若是沒有exportmetadata,只須要在接口上邊加上inheritedExport特性就能夠了·  MEF會自動導入導出的this

這裏是導出,下邊看怎麼導入使用spa

  private CompositionContainer _container; //這個是容器

        [Import(typeof(ICalculator))]
        public ICalculator calculator; //這個導入的類

        private Program()
        {

            var catalog = new AggregateCatalog();
            catalog.Catalogs.Add(new AssemblyCatalog(typeof(Program).Assembly));//這裏直接導入本程序集內的類
            catalog.Catalogs.Add(new DirectoryCatalog("Extensions", "MEF_Ex.dll"));//這裏導入指定目錄下的DLL,能夠設置篩選項或者不設置,把目錄下全部的dll所有導入
           _container = new CompositionContainer(catalog);

            try
            {
                this._container.ComposeParts(this);
                
            }
            catch (CompositionException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
            }
            
        }

這裏MEF_Ex.dll是另一個項目,生成的程序集,放到主程序目錄下Extensions目錄下便可.net

實現了一個類:

    [Export(typeof(IOperation))]
    [ExportMetadata("Symbol", '%')]
    public class Mod : MEF_Interface.IOperation
    {
        public int Operate(int left, int right)
        {
            return left % right;
        }
    }

在main函數中直接new program便可調用calc的方法

            Program pro = new Program();
            Console.WriteLine(pro.calculator.Calculate("1-2"));

還能夠單獨導出類的方法和屬性,以及經過metadata篩選導入的類

完整代碼以下:

    [InheritedExport]
    interface IBookService
    {
        string BookName { get; set; }
        string GetBookName();
    }

   // [Export("MusicBook",typeof(IBookService))]
    class MusicBook : IBookService
    {
        public string BookName { get; set; }

        [Export(typeof(string))]
        public string _publicBookName = "publicBookName";
        [Export(typeof(string))]
        private string _privateBookName = "privateBookName";


        public string GetBookName()
        {
            return "MusicBook";
        }

    }

   // [Export("MusicBook", typeof(IBookService))]
    class MathBook : IBookService
    {
        public string BookName { get; set; }

        [Export(typeof(Func<string>))]
        public string GetBookName()
        {
            return "MathBook";
        }

        [Export(typeof(Func<int,string>))]
        private string privateGetName(int count)
        {
            return $"get {count} MathBook";

        }

    }

   // [Export("MusicBook", typeof(IBookService))]
    class HistoryBook : IBookService
    {
        public string BookName { get; set; }

        public string GetBookName()
        {
            return "HistoryBook";
        }

    }
    [InheritedExport]
    public interface IPlugin
    {
        string Caption { get; }
        void Do();
    }
    public interface IPluginMark
    {
        string Mark { get; }
    }

    [Export(typeof(IPlugin))]
    [ExportMetadata("Mark", "Plugin1")]
   public class Plugin1 : IPlugin
    {
        public string Caption { get { return "Plugin1"; } }
        public void  Do()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Plugin1 do");
        }
    }
    [Export(typeof(IPlugin))]
    [ExportMetadata("Mark", "Plugin2")]
    public class Plugin2 : IPlugin
    {
        public string Caption { get { return "Plugin2"; } }
        public void Do()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Plugin2 do");
        }
    }
    [Export(typeof(IPlugin))]
    [ExportMetadata("Mark", "Plugin2")]
    public class Plugin3 : IPlugin
    {
        public string Caption { get { return "Plugin3"; } }
        public void Do()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Plugin3 do");
        }
    }

    #endregion

    class Program
    {
        #region
        [ImportMany]
        public IEnumerable<IBookService> Services { get; set; }//導入類

        [ImportMany]
        public List<string> InputString { get; set; }//導入屬性

        [Import]
        public Func<string> methodWithoutPara { get; set; }//導入方法
        [Import]
        public Func<int, string> methodWithPara { get; set; }//導入方法

        [ImportMany]
        public IEnumerable< Lazy<IPlugin, IPluginMark>> Plugins { get; set; }

        #endregion

        private CompositionContainer _container;

        [Import(typeof(ICalculator))]
        public ICalculator calculator;

        private Program()
        {

            var catalog = new AggregateCatalog();
            catalog.Catalogs.Add(new AssemblyCatalog(typeof(Program).Assembly));//導出本程序集
            catalog.Catalogs.Add(new DirectoryCatalog("Extensions", "MEF_Ex.dll"));//經過文件導入
           _container = new CompositionContainer(catalog);

            try
            {
                this._container.ComposeParts(this);
                
            }
            catch (CompositionException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
            }
            
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Program pro = new Program();
            Console.WriteLine(pro.calculator.Calculate("1-2"));

            var plugins = pro.Plugins;//.Where(v => v.Metadata.Mark == "Plugin2").ToList();//這裏能夠作篩選

            foreach (var p in plugins)
            {
                p.Value.Do();
            }

            if (pro.Services != null)
            {
                foreach (var service in pro.Services)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(service.GetBookName());
                }

                foreach (var str in pro.InputString)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(str);
                }

                //調用無參數的方法
                if (pro.methodWithoutPara != null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(pro.methodWithoutPara());
                }

                //調用有參數的方法
                if (pro.methodWithPara != null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(pro.methodWithPara(5));
                }

            }
            Console.ReadLine();
            

        }

   
    }

 

總結:

1  MEF會自動導入對應的類實現,而後自動初始化,可是具體何時初始化以及導入,這裏要注意類的初始化方法 以及是否是有可能多線程的問題以及有依賴

2  導入程序集的方式能夠直接導入程序集或者經過文件,看了反編譯的代碼以及.netcore的源碼,底層是使用load 以及loadfrom的方法來時間加載程序集的,因此這玩意理論上應該實現不了熱插拔把·

3  關於.net實現熱插拔,網上有不少玩法,以前有看過經過appdomain 來實現,也就是應用程序域,實現略複雜這裏沒研究,也能夠經過load的方式從新加載程序集·可是這些理論上應該作不到所謂的熱插拔吧,起碼程序要重啓把···

4 以前有面試問MEF 怎麼實現熱插拔,直接懵逼了,我是搞清楚。後來想了下,能夠換一個方式實現,在MEF基礎上實現AOP,經過aop實現權限控制,攔截某些操做,或者MEF 加載的時候過濾加載項,這些算熱插拔麼···

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