從數據庫中取出數據後,雖然不能直接將queryset和model對象以及datetime類型序列化,但均可以將其轉化成能夠序列化的類型,再序列化。python
功能需求都能作到,可是比較麻煩,每次須要手動實現。且取出的數據還須要進行轉化,好比某些字段在存儲時將漢字轉化成數字,取出來後要將數字轉化成漢字,這都是須要每次手動操做。數據庫
做用:json
models.py函數
class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="圖書名稱") CHOICES = ((1, "Python"), (2, "Go"), (3, "Linux")) category = models.IntegerField(choices=CHOICES, verbose_name="圖書的類別") pub_time = models.DateField(verbose_name="圖書的出版日期") publisher = models.ForeignKey(to="Publisher", on_delete=None) author = models.ManyToManyField(to="Author") def __str__(self): return self.title class Meta: verbose_name_plural = "Book" db_table = verbose_name_plural class Publisher(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="出版社的名稱") def __str__(self): return self.title class Meta: verbose_name_plural = "Publisher" db_table = verbose_name_plural class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="做者的姓名") def __str__(self): return self.name class Meta: verbose_name_plural = "Author" db_table = verbose_name_plural
views.pypost
from .seriallzers import BookSeriallzer # 自定義的問加減 class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.all() ret = BookSeriallzer(book_list, many=True) # 序列化過程 return Response(ret.data) def post(self, request): print("數據",request.data) serializer = BookSeriallzer(data=request.data) # 反序列化 if serializer.is_valid(): print("驗證經過") serializer.save() # save()方法保存數據庫,須要在序列化器裏自定義create方法 return Response(serializer.data) else: return Response(serializer.errors)
seriallzers.pyui
from rest_framework import serializers def my_validate(value): if "mingan" in value.lower(): raise serializers.ValidationError("不能含有敏感信息") else: return value class BookSeriallzer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(required=False) # required False的意思是 反序列化(存庫)的時候非必需 title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate]) # 此種驗證方式比局部鉤子優先級高 CHOICES = ((1, "Python"), (2, "Go"), (3, "Linux")) category = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_category_display", read_only=True) # 只在序列化(讀庫)的時候起做用 w_category = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, write_only=True) # 只在反序列化的時候用(存庫) pub_time = serializers.DateField() publisher = PublishSeriallzer(read_only=True) publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) author = AuthorSeriallzer(many=True, read_only=True) # 經過many參數來區別是普通外鍵仍是多對多關係 author_list = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) def create(self, validated_data): book = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"],category=validated_data["w_category"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"], publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"]) book.author.add(*validated_data["author_list"]) return book def update(self, instance, validated_data): "instance是views函數中傳來的book_obj" instance.title = validated_data.get("title", instance.title) # 若是已驗證的數據中沒有title字段,不更新,不會報錯 instance.category = validated_data.get("w_category", instance.category) instance.pub_time = validated_data.get("pub_time", instance.pub_time) instance.publisher_id = validated_data.get("publisher_id", instance.publisher_id) if validated_data.get("author_list"): instance.author.set(validated_data["author_list"]) # 更新多對多字段 instance.save() return instance def validate_title(self, value): "局部鉤子,自定義對title字段的驗證" if "python" not in value.lower(): raise serializers.ValidationError("標題必須含有python") return value def validate(self, attrs): "全局的校驗規則,能夠進行多字段聯合校驗" if attrs["w_category"] == 1 and attrs["publisher_id"] == 1: return attrs else: raise serializers.ValidationError("分類以及標題不符合要求") 驗證順序:validators屬性 -> 局部鉤子 -> 全局鉤子
這樣就實現了 序列化 和 反序列化的過程,包括特殊字段(時間類型、外鍵關係、chioce)轉化以及存庫時的驗證。spa
須要說明的是:rest
可是,序列化和反序列化的過程很是不簡潔,寫了太多的東西。對象
ModelSerializer類能夠與ORM映射表結合,自動對應序列化關係。blog
from .models import Book, Publisher class BookSeriallzer(serializers.ModelSerializer): category_display = serializers.SerializerMethodField() # 讀取數據時的字段名(與"category"區分開來,下同) publisher_info = serializers.SerializerMethodField() # 配合 get_字段名() 鉤子,自定義經過外鍵取出的字段 authors = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_category_display(self, obj): return obj.get_category_display() def get_publisher_info(self, obj): # obj 是每一個book對象 publisher_obj = obj.publisher return {"id": publisher_obj.id, "title": publisher_obj.title} # 只取出來本身想要的數據,不會有其餘的冗餘數據 def get_authors(self, obj): authors = obj.author.all() return [{"id": author.id, "name": author.name} for author in authors] class Meta: model = Book # 對應ORM表 # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time", "category"] # 須要取出的字段 fields = "__all__" # 表示要取出全部字段 # depth = 1 # 序列化的外鍵層級。若是不規定此值,全部的外鍵字段都只是id。有個缺點:會取出外鍵對應的全部數據,很是冗餘 extra_kwargs = { "category": {"write_only": True}, # 「category」字段只寫 "publisher": {"write_only": True}, "author": {"write_only": True} }
這樣,咱們只須要將存取不一致的行爲定義好便可,其它字段均可以自動對應好。很是方便。