使用Libevent編寫高併發Http Server

 libevent庫使得高併發響應HTTP Server的編寫變得很容易。整個過程包括以下幾部:初始化,建立HTTP Server, 指定callback, 進入事件循環。另外在回調函數中,能夠獲取客戶端請求(request的HTTP Header和參數等),進行響應的處理,再將結果發送給客戶端(response的HTTP Header和內容,如html代碼)。php

 libevent除了設置generic的callback,還能夠對特定的請求路徑設置對應的callback(回調/處理函數)。html

 示例代碼(方便往後參考編寫須要的HTTP server)git

#include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <unistd.h>     //for getopt, fork
    #include <string.h>     //for strcat
    //for struct evkeyvalq
    #include <sys/queue.h>
    #include <event.h>
    //for http
    #include <evhttp.h>
    #include <signal.h>

    #define MYHTTPD_SIGNATURE   "myhttpd v 0.0.1"

    //處理模塊
    void httpd_handler(struct evhttp_request *req, void *arg) {
        char output[2048] = "\0";
        char tmp[1024];

        //獲取客戶端請求的URI(使用evhttp_request_uri或直接req->uri)
        const char *uri;
        uri = evhttp_request_uri(req);
        sprintf(tmp, "uri=%s\n", uri);
        strcat(output, tmp);

        sprintf(tmp, "uri=%s\n", req->uri);
        strcat(output, tmp);
        //decoded uri
        char *decoded_uri;
        decoded_uri = evhttp_decode_uri(uri);
        sprintf(tmp, "decoded_uri=%s\n", decoded_uri);
        strcat(output, tmp);

        //解析URI的參數(即GET方法的參數)
        struct evkeyvalq params;
        evhttp_parse_query(decoded_uri, &params);
        sprintf(tmp, "q=%s\n", evhttp_find_header(&params, "q"));
        strcat(output, tmp);
        sprintf(tmp, "s=%s\n", evhttp_find_header(&params, "s"));
        strcat(output, tmp);
        free(decoded_uri);

        //獲取POST方法的數據(evhttp沒有直接解析POST的內容結構體的方法)
        char *post_data = (char *) EVBUFFER_DATA(req->input_buffer);
        sprintf(tmp, "post_data=%s\n", post_data);
        strcat(output, tmp);

        /*
        具體的:能夠根據GET/POST的參數執行相應操做,而後將結果輸出
        ...
        */

        /* 輸出到客戶端 */

        //HTTP header
        evhttp_add_header(req->output_headers, "Server", MYHTTPD_SIGNATURE);
        evhttp_add_header(req->output_headers, "Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
        evhttp_add_header(req->output_headers, "Connection", "close");
        //輸出的內容
        struct evbuffer *buf;
        buf = evbuffer_new();
        evbuffer_add_printf(buf, "It works!\n%s\n", output);
        evhttp_send_reply(req, HTTP_OK, "OK", buf);
        evbuffer_free(buf);

    }
    void show_help() {
        char *help = "written by Min (http://54min.com)\n\n"
            "-l <ip_addr> interface to listen on, default is 0.0.0.0\n"
            "-p <num>     port number to listen on, default is 1984\n"
            "-d           run as a deamon\n"
            "-t <second>  timeout for a http request, default is 120 seconds\n"
            "-h           print this help and exit\n"
            "\n";
        fprintf(stderr, help);
    }
    //當向進程發出SIGTERM/SIGHUP/SIGINT/SIGQUIT的時候,終止event的事件偵聽循環
    void signal_handler(int sig) {
        switch (sig) {
            case SIGTERM:
            case SIGHUP:
            case SIGQUIT:
            case SIGINT:
                event_loopbreak();  //終止偵聽event_dispatch()的事件偵聽循環,執行以後的代碼
                break;
        }
    }

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        //自定義信號處理函數
        signal(SIGHUP, signal_handler);
        signal(SIGTERM, signal_handler);
        signal(SIGINT, signal_handler);
        signal(SIGQUIT, signal_handler);

        //默認參數
        char *httpd_option_listen = "0.0.0.0";
        int httpd_option_port = 8080;
        int httpd_option_daemon = 0;
        int httpd_option_timeout = 120; //in seconds

        //獲取參數
        int c;
        while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "l:p:dt:h")) != -1) {
            switch (c) {
            case 'l' :
                httpd_option_listen = optarg;
                break;
            case 'p' :
                httpd_option_port = atoi(optarg);
                break;
            case 'd' :
                httpd_option_daemon = 1;
                break;
            case 't' :
                httpd_option_timeout = atoi(optarg);
                 break;
            case 'h' :
            default :
                    show_help();
                    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
            }
        }

        //判斷是否設置了-d,以daemon運行
        if (httpd_option_daemon) {
            pid_t pid;
            pid = fork();
            if (pid < 0) {
                perror("fork failed");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
            if (pid > 0) {
                //生成子進程成功,退出父進程
                exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
            }
        }

        /* 使用libevent建立HTTP Server */

        //初始化event API
        event_init();

        //建立一個http server
        struct evhttp *httpd;
        httpd = evhttp_start(httpd_option_listen, httpd_option_port);
        evhttp_set_timeout(httpd, httpd_option_timeout);

        //指定generic callback
        evhttp_set_gencb(httpd, httpd_handler, NULL);
        //也能夠爲特定的URI指定callback
        //evhttp_set_cb(httpd, "/", specific_handler, NULL);

        //循環處理events
        event_dispatch();

        evhttp_free(httpd);
        return 0;
    }
  • 編譯:gcc -o myhttp -Wall -levent myhttp.c
  • 運行:./test
  • 測試:

在瀏覽器中輸入http://54min.com:8080/index.php?q=test&s=some thing,顯示內容以下:github

It works!
    uri=/index.php?q=test&s=some%20thing
    uri=/index.php?q=test&s=some%20thing
    decoded_uri=/index.php?q=test&s=some thing
    q=test
    s=some thing
    post_data=(null)

並使用Live Http Headers(Firefox addons)查看HTTP headers。數據庫

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Server: myhttpd v 0.0.1
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
    Connection: close
    Date: Tue, 21 Jun 2011 06:30:30 GMT
    Content-Length: 72

 

 

使用libevent庫進行HTTP封裝方法的 應用

libevent庫使得編寫高併發高性能的HTTP Server變得很簡單。所以實際中,使用libevent能夠爲任何應用(如數據庫)提供一個HTTP based的網絡接口,方便多個clients採用任何支持HTTP protocol的語言與server進行交互。例如:瀏覽器

對不支持HTTP協議的數據庫(RDBMS/NoSQL)封裝HTTP接口網絡

  • Memcached Server默認支持的是Memcached Protocol,經過libmemcached庫和libevent庫,能夠爲Memcached Server封裝一個HTTP接口,從而client端可經過HTTP協議和Memcached Server進行交互;參考
  • 可爲Tokyo Cabinet/Tokyo Tyrant數據庫封裝HTTP接口,方便client端與其交互。參考
  • 相同的,也可爲其餘數據庫如MySQL, Redis, MongoDB等封裝HTTP接口;

更多的該種應用能夠參考:https://github.com/bitly/simplehttp數據結構

也能夠爲某些應用封裝HTTP接口,從而實現以client/server方式使用該應用併發

  • HTTPCWS,以libevent封裝中文分詞程序,實現client/server方式使用分詞功能
  • HTTP-SCWS也是相似方式

ministored使用libevent

http://blog.csdn.net/sunnydogzhou/article/details/6438122memcached

 

附:涉及的數據結構和主要函數

數據結構

  • struct evhttp_request

   表示客戶端請求,定義參看:http://monkey.org/~provos/libevent/doxygen-1.4.10/structevhttp__request.html,其中包含的主要域:

struct evkeyvalq *input_headers;    //保存客戶端請求的HTTP headers(key-value pairs)
    struct evkeyvalq *output_headers;   //保存將要發送到客戶端的HTTP headers(key-value pairs)

    //客戶端的ip和port
    char *remote_host;
    u_short remote_port;

    enum evhttp_request_kind kind;  //能夠是EVHTTP_REQUEST或EVHTTP_RESPONSE
    enum evhttp_cmd_type type;  //能夠是EVHTTP_REQ_GET, EVHTTP_REQ_POST或EVHTTP_REQ_HEAD

    char *uri;          //客戶端請求的uri
    char major;         //HTTP major number
    char minor;         //HTTP major number

    int response_code;      //HTTP response code
    char *response_code_line;   //readable response

    struct evbuffer *input_buffer;  //客戶端POST的數據
    struct evbuffer *output_buffer; //輸出到客戶端的數據
  • struct evkeyvalq

定義參看:http://monkey.org/~provos/libevent/doxygen-1.4.10/event_8h-source.htmlstruct evkeyvalq被定義爲TAILQ_HEAD (evkeyvalq, evkeyval);,即struct evkeyval類型的tail queue。須要在代碼以前包含

#include <sys/queue.h>
    #include <event.h>

 struct evkeyval爲key-value queue(隊列結構),主要用來保存HTTP headers,也能夠被用來保存parse uri參數的結果。

/* Key-Value pairs.  Can be used for HTTP headers but also for query argument parsing. */
    struct evkeyval {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(evkeyval) next; //隊列
        char *key;
        char *value;
    };

TAILQ_ENTRY(evkeyval)被 定義爲:

#define TAILQ_ENTRY(type)
    struct {
        struct type *tqe_next;      //next element
        struct type **tqe_prev;     //address of previous next element
    }
  • stuct evbuffer

定義參看:http://monkey.org/~provos/libevent/doxygen-1.4.10/event_8h-source.html。該結構體用於input和output的buffer。

/* These functions deal with buffering input and output */
    struct evbuffer {
        u_char *buffer;
        u_char *orig_buffer;
        size_t misalign;
        size_t totallen;
        size_t off;
        void (*cb)(struct evbuffer *, size_t, size_t, void *);
        void *cbarg;
    };

另外定義宏方便獲取evbuffer中保存的內容和大小:

#define EVBUFFER_LENGTH(x)      (x)->off
    #define EVBUFFER_DATA(x)        (x)->buffer

例如,獲取客戶端POST數據的內容和大小:

EVBUFFER_DATA(res->input_buffer);
    EVBUFFER_LENGTH(res->input_buffer);

另外struct evbuffer用以下函數建立添加和釋放:

struct evbuffer *buf;
    buf = evbuffer_new();
    //往buffer中添加內容
    evbuffer_add_printf(buf, "It works! you just requested: %s\n", req->uri);   //Append a formatted string to the end of an evbuffer.
    //將內容輸出到客戶端
    evhttp_send_reply(req, HTTP_OK, "OK", buf);
    //釋放掉buf
    evbuffer_free(buf);

 

關鍵函數

  • 獲取客戶端請求的URI

使用req->uri或使用函數const char *evhttp_request_uri(struct evhttp_request *req);即(evhttp_request_uri(req);)。

  • 對獲取的URI進行解析和編碼

使用函數void evhttp_parse_query(const char *uri, struct evkeyvalq *args);可對uri的參數進行解析,結果保存在struct evkeyvalq的key-value pairs中,例如:

char *uri = "http://foo.com/?q=test&s=some+thing";
    struct evkeyvalq args;
    evhttp_parse_query(uri, &args);
    //而後經過evhttp_find_header等函數獲取各個參數及對應的值
    evhttp_find_header(&args, "q"); //獲得test
    evhttp_find_header(&args, "s"); //獲得some thing

以下兩個函數對URI進行encode和decode:

char *evhttp_encode_uri(const char *uri);
    char *evhttp_decode_uri(const char *uri);

URI encode的結果是全部非alphanumeric及-_的字符都被相似於%和一個2位16進制字符替換(其中空格被+號替換)。如上兩個函數返回的字符串須要free掉。

  • 處理HTTP headers相關的函數

HTTP headers保存在struct evkeyvalq的結構體中(key-value pairs),使用以下函數可對其進行修改:

const char *evhttp_find_header(const struct evkeyvalq *, const char *);
    int evhttp_remove_header(struct evkeyvalq *, const char *);
    int evhttp_add_header(struct evkeyvalq *, const char *, const char *);
    void evhttp_clear_headers(struct evkeyvalq *);
  • Escape特殊的HTML字符
    char *evhttp_htmlescape(const char *html);

特殊字符:&被替換爲&amp;"被替換爲&quot;'被替換爲&#039;<被替換爲&lt;>被替換爲&gt;。該函數返回的字符串須要free掉。

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