C++11右值引用和std::move語句實例解析

關鍵字:C++11,右值引用,rvalue,std::move,VS 2015ios

OS:Windows 10函數

 

右值引用(及其支持的Move語意和完美轉發)是C++0x加入的最重大語言特性之一。從實踐角度講,它可以完美解決C++中長久以來爲人所詬病的臨時對象效率問題。從語言自己講,它健全了C++中的引用類型在左值右值方面的缺陷。從庫設計者的角度講,它給庫設計者又帶來了一把利器。從庫使用者的角度講,不動一兵一卒即可以得到「免費的」效率提高… this

 

下面用實例來深刻探討右值引用。spa

 

1.什麼是左值,什麼是右值,簡單說左值能夠賦值,右值不能夠賦值。如下面代碼爲例,「 A a = getA();」該語句中a是左值,getA()的返回值是右值。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>

class A
{
public:
    A() { std::cout << "Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A&) { std::cout << "Copy Constructor" << std::endl; }
    ~A() {}
};

static A getA()
{
    A a;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    A a = getA();
    
    return 0;
}

運行以上代碼,輸出結果以下:設計

Constructor
Copy Constructor

能夠看到A的構造函數調用一次,拷貝構造函數調用了一次,構造函數和拷貝構造函數是消耗比較大的,這裏是否能夠避免拷貝構造?C++11作到了這一點。code

 

2.添加A的移動構造函數,代碼以下:

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>

class A
{
public:
    A() { std::cout << "Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A&) { std::cout << "Copy Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A&&) { std::cout << "Move Constructor" << std::endl; } ~A() {}
};

static A getA()
{
    A a;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    A a = getA();
    
    return 0;
}

運行以上代碼,輸出結果:對象

Constructor
Move Constructor

這樣就沒有調用拷貝構造函數,而是調用移動構造。這裏並無看到移動構造的優勢。blog

 

3.修改代碼,給A類添加一個成員變量以下:

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class B
{
public:
    B() {}
    B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};

class A
{
public:
    A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A& src) :
        m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
    { 
        std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    A(A&& src) :
        m_b(src.m_b)
    {
        src.m_b = nullptr;
        std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    ~A() { delete m_b; }

private:
    B* m_b;
};

static A getA()
{
    A a;
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    A a = getA();
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    A a1(a); return 0;
}

運行以上代碼,輸出結果:get

A Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor
================================================
B Constructor
A Copy Constructor

A a = getA();」調用的是A的移動構造,「 A a1(a); 」調用的是A的拷貝構造。A的拷貝構造須要對成員變量B進行深拷貝,而A的移動構造不須要,很明顯,A的移動構造效率高。io

 

4.std::move語句能夠將左值變爲右值而避免拷貝構造,修改代碼以下:

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class B
{
public:
    B() {}
    B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};

class A
{
public:
    A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A& src) :
        m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
    { 
        std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    A(A&& src) noexcept :
        m_b(src.m_b)
    {
        src.m_b = nullptr;
        std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    ~A() { delete m_b; }

private:
    B* m_b;
};

static A getA()
{
    A a;
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    A a = getA();
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    A a1(a);
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    A a2(std::move(a1)); return 0;
}

運行以上代碼,輸出結果:

A Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor
================================================
B Constructor
A Copy Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor

A a2(std::move(a1));」將a1轉換爲右值,所以a2調用的移動構造而不是拷貝構造。

 

5.賦值操做符也能夠是移動賦值。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>


class B
{
public:
    B() {}
    B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};

class A
{
public:
    A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
    A(const A& src) :
        m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
    { 
        std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    A(A&& src) :
        m_b(src.m_b)
    {
        src.m_b = nullptr;
        std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
    }
    A& operator=(const A& src) noexcept
    {
        if (this == &src)
            return *this;

        delete m_b;
        m_b = new B(*(src.m_b));
        std::cout << "operator=(const A& src)" << std::endl;
        return *this;
    }
    A& operator=(A&& src) noexcept
    {
        if (this == &src)
            return *this;

        delete m_b;
        m_b = src.m_b;
        src.m_b = nullptr;
        std::cout << "operator=(const A&& src)" << std::endl;
        return *this;
    }
    ~A() { delete m_b; }

private:
    B* m_b;
};

static A getA()
{
    A a;
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    A a = getA();//移動構造
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    A a1(a);//拷貝構造
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    A a2(std::move(a1));//移動構造
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    a2 = getA();//移動賦值
    std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
    a2 = a1;//拷貝賦值
    return 0;
}

 

運行以上代碼,輸出結果:

A Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor
================================================
B Constructor
A Copy Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor
================================================
A Constructor
================================================
A Move Constructor
operator=(const A&& src)
================================================
B Constructor
operator=(const A& src)

 

 總之儘可能給類添加移動構造和移動賦值函數,而減小拷貝構造和拷貝賦值的消耗。 移動構造,移動賦值要加上noexcept,用於通知標準庫不拋出異常。

 

參考連接:

http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/move_constructor

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