在使用ansible作自動化運維的時候,免不了的要重複執行某些操做,如:添加幾個用戶,建立幾個MySQL用戶併爲之賦予權限,操做某個目錄下全部文件等等。好在playbook支持循環語句,可使得某些需求很容易並且很規範的實現。python
with_items是playbooks中最基本也是最經常使用的循環語句:mysql
tasks:
- name:Secure config files
file: path=/etc/` item ` mode=0600 owner=root group=root
with_items:
- my.cnf
- shadow
- fstab
上面例子表示,建立三個文件分別爲my.cnf、shadow、fstabweb
也能夠將文件列表提早賦值給一個變量,而後在循環語句中調用:sql
with_items:
"{{ somelist }}"
shell
使用with_items迭代循環的變量能夠是個單純的列表,也能夠是一個較爲複雜 的數據結果,如字典類型:
數據庫
數據結構tasks:
app- name: add several users
運維 user: name=` item`.`name ` state=present groups=` item`.`groups `
dom with_items:
- { name: 'testuser1', groups: 'wheel' }
- { name: 'testuser2', groups: 'root' }
二、with_nested嵌套循環
示例:
tasks:
- name: give users access to multiple databases
mysql_user: name={{ item[0] }} priv={{ item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs=yes password=foo
with_nested:
- [ 'alice', 'bob' ]
- [ 'clientdb', 'employeedb', 'providerdb' ]
item[0]是循環的第一個列表的值['alice','bob']。item[1]是第二個列表的值。表示循環建立alice和bob兩個用戶,而且爲其賦予在三個數據庫上的全部權限。
也能夠將用戶列表事先賦值給一個變量:
tasks:
- name: here, 'users' contains the above list of employees
mysql_user: name={{ item[0] }} priv={{ item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs=yes password=foo
with_nested:
- "`users`"
- [ 'clientdb', 'employeedb', 'providerdb' ]
with_dict能夠遍歷更復雜的數據結構:
假若有以下變量內容:
users:
alice:
name: Alice Appleworth
telephone: 123-456-7890
bob:
name: Bob Bananarama
telephone: 987-654-3210
如今須要輸出每一個用戶的用戶名和手機號:
tasks: - name: Print phone records debug: msg="User {{ item.key }} is {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.telephone }})"
with_dict: "{{ users }}"
四、with_fileglob文件匹配遍歷
能夠指定一個目錄,使用with_fileglob能夠循環這個目錄中的全部文件,示例以下:
asks: - name:Make key directory file: path=/root/.sshkeys ensure=directory mode=0700 owner=root group=root - name:Upload public keys copy: src={{ item }} dest=/root/.sshkeys mode=0600 owner=root group=root with_fileglob: - keys/*.pub - name:Assemble keys into authorized_keys file assemble: src=/root/.sshkeys dest=/root/.ssh/authorized_keysmode=0600 owner=root group=root
五、with_subelement遍歷子元素
假如如今須要遍歷一個用戶列表,並建立每一個用戶,並且還須要爲每一個用戶配置以特定的SSH key登陸。變量文件內容以下:
users:
- name: alice
authorized:
- /tmp/alice/onekey.pub
- /tmp/alice/twokey.pub
mysql:
password: mysql-password
hosts:
- "%"
- "127.0.0.1"
- "::1"
- "localhost"
privs:
- "*.*:SELECT"
- "DB1.*:ALL"
- name: bob
authorized:
- /tmp/bob/id_rsa.pub
mysql:
password: other-mysql-password
hosts:
- "db1"
privs:
- "*.*:SELECT"
- "DB2.*:ALL"
playbook中定義以下:
- user: name=` item`.`name ` state=present generate_ssh_key=yes
with_items: "`users`"
- authorized_key: "user=` item`.`0`.`name ` key='{{ lookup('file', item.1) }}'"
with_subelements:
- users
- authorized
也能夠遍歷嵌套的子列表:
- name: Setup MySQL users
mysql_user: name=` item`.`0`.`name ` password=` item`.`0`.`mysql`.`password ` host=` item`.`1 ` priv={{ item.0.mysql.privs | join('/') }}
with_subelements:
- users
- mysql.hosts
六、with_sequence循環整數序列
with_sequence能夠生成一個自增的整數序列,能夠指定起始值和結束值,也能夠指定增加步長。 參數以key=value的形式指定,format指定輸出的格式。數字能夠是十進制、十六進制、八進制:
- hosts: all
tasks:
# create groups
- group: name=evens state=present
- group: name=odds state=present
# create some test users
- user: name=` item ` state=present groups=evens
with_sequence: start=0 end=32 format=testuser%02d
# create a series of directories with even numbers for some reason
- file: dest=/var/stuff/` item ` state=directory
with_sequence: start=4 end=16 stride=2 # stride用於指定步長
# a simpler way to use the sequence plugin
# create 4 groups
- group: name=group` item ` state=present
with_sequence: count=4
七、with_random_choice隨機選擇
從列表中隨機取一個值:
- debug: msg=` item `
with_random_choice:
- "go through the door"
- "drink from the goblet"
- "press the red button"
- "do nothing"
示例:
- action: shell /usr/bin/foo
register: result
until: result.stdout.find("all systems go") != -1
retries: 5
delay: 10
重複執行shell模塊,當shell模塊執行的命令輸出內容包含"all systems go"的時候中止。重試5次,延遲時間10秒。retries默認值爲3,delay默認值爲5。任務的返回值爲最後一次循環的返回結果。
在循環中使用register時,保存的結果中包含results關鍵字,該關鍵字保存模塊執行結果的列表
- shell: echo "` item `"
with_items:
- one
- two
register: echo
變量echo內容以下:
{
"changed": true,
"msg": "All items completed",
"results": [
{
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"one\" ",
"delta": "0:00:00.003110",
"end": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.187153",
"invocation": {
"module_args": "echo \"one\"",
"module_name": "shell"
},
"item": "one",
"rc": 0,
"start": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.184043",
"stderr": "",
"stdout": "one"
},
{
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"two\" ",
"delta": "0:00:00.002920",
"end": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.245502",
"invocation": {
"module_args": "echo \"two\"",
"module_name": "shell"
},
"item": "two",
"rc": 0,
"start": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.242582",
"stderr": "",
"stdout": "two"
}
]
}
遍歷註冊變量的結果:
- name: Fail if return code is not 0
fail:
msg: "The command (` item`.`cmd `) did not have a 0 return code"
when: item.rc != 0
with_items: "`echo`.`results`"
示例:
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
vars:
alpha: [ 'a','b','c','d']
numbers: [ 1,2,3,4 ]
tasks:
- debug: msg="` item`.`0 ` and ` item`.`1 `"
with_together:
- "` alpha `"
- "` numbers `"
輸出的結果爲:
ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=['a', 1]) => {
"item": [
"a",
1
],
"msg": "a and 1"
}
ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=['b', 2]) => {
"item": [
"b",
2
],
"msg": "b and 2"
}
ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=['c', 3]) => {
"item": [
"c",
3
],
"msg": "c and 3"
}
ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=['d', 4]) => {
"item": [
"d",
4
],
"msg": "d and 4"
}
loop模塊通常在下面的場景中使用
相似的配置模塊重複了多遍
fact是一個列表
建立多個文件,而後使用assemble聚合成一個大文件
使用with_fileglob匹配特定的文件管理
本文出自 「無名小卒」 博客,請務必保留此出處http://breezey.blog.51cto.com/2400275/1757636