對於Java線程池,相信你們都或多或少使用過。關於其用法和原理介紹,網上已經有不少很是精彩的文章,珠玉在前,我就不獻醜了。不瞭解的,能夠參考這篇文章。今天我想講的,是關於我對Java線程次的兩個疑問,固然高手能夠略過了。html
- 1.爲何線程池要使用BlockingQueue,而不是ArrayList或別的什麼列表?
- 2.既然使用了BlockingQueue,爲何還要設置
拒絕策略
,隊列滿的時候不是阻塞嗎?
要回答這個問答,首先來看看不用線程池的時候怎麼執行異步任務java
new Thread(() -> { // do something }).start();
也就是說,每次須要執行異步任務的時候,新建一個線程去執行,執行完就回收了。這會致使什麼問題呢,首先,是對資源的浪費,線程的建立須要陷入內核,須要分配棧空間,須要執行調度,等等,只使用一次就回收太浪費資源。其次,當異步任務比較多的時候,這種方式要建立大量的線程,這對於內存資源也是一個很大的開銷。咱們知道,在jvm啓動的時候能夠設置線程棧大小的參數-Xss
,默認的大小是1M,若是同時啓動1000個線程,就要佔用1G的內存,可想而知,這對內存是一個多大的開銷。並且,線程數太多,對於內核的調度壓力也是至關大的,並且,由於頻繁的上下文切換而使程序的局部性
喪失,也是一種消耗。線程池的做用,就是線程的複用,那麼,怎麼複用呢,來看一段代碼:異步
final void runWorker(Worker w) { Thread wt = Thread.currentThread(); Runnable task = w.firstTask; w.firstTask = null; w.unlock(); // allow interrupts boolean completedAbruptly = true; try { while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) { w.lock(); // If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted; // if not, ensure thread is not interrupted. This // requires a recheck in second case to deal with // shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) || (Thread.interrupted() && runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) && !wt.isInterrupted()) wt.interrupt(); try { beforeExecute(wt, task); Throwable thrown = null; try { task.run(); } catch (RuntimeException x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Error x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Throwable x) { thrown = x; throw new Error(x); } finally { afterExecute(task, thrown); } } finally { task = null; w.completedTasks++; w.unlock(); } } completedAbruptly = false; } finally { processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly); } }
在ThreadPoolExecutor
中,線程封裝在Worker
中,Worker實現了Runnable,同時在run()方法中調用上面的runWorker()
方法,只要runWorker()方法沒有執行完,這個線程就不會被回收。而runWorker()方法要執行下去,就要保證while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null)
的條件爲真,第一次判斷時task爲firstTask,即執行的第一個任務,那麼要點就成了getTask()必須不能爲空,來看看getTask()的實現:jvm
private Runnable getTask() { boolean timedOut = false; // Did the last poll() time out? for (;;) { int c = ctl.get(); int rs = runStateOf(c); // Check if queue empty only if necessary. if (rs >= SHUTDOWN && (rs >= STOP || workQueue.isEmpty())) { decrementWorkerCount(); return null; } int wc = workerCountOf(c); // Are workers subject to culling? boolean timed = allowCoreThreadTimeOut || wc > corePoolSize; if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut)) && (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) { if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c)) return null; continue; } try { Runnable r = timed ? workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) : workQueue.take(); if (r != null) return r; timedOut = true; } catch (InterruptedException retry) { timedOut = false; } } }
核心邏輯是:ui
Runnable r = timed ? workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) : workQueue.take();
這裏的workQueue
就是阻塞隊列,timed表示是否會超時釋放,keepAliveTime
是非核心線程容許的空閒時間;若是不超時,則調用BlockingQueue.take(),若是取不到值,就會一直阻塞直到程序提交了一個任務。因此,阻塞隊列的做用是控制線程池中線程的生命週期。this
那麼,若是不用阻塞隊列,有沒有別的方式能夠實現線程池的功能?答案是,有,可是不必。好比咱們可使用wait/notify來控制線程的執行和阻塞,但這裏使用生產者/消費者模式來實現是一種更優雅的方式。google
既然使用了阻塞隊列,那添加任務的時候若是隊列滿了不就阻塞了嗎,拒絕策略是幹嗎用的?答案是添加任務調用的並非阻塞的put()
方法,而是非阻塞的offer()
方法,看一下ThreadPoolExecutor的execute()方法就知道了atom
public void execute(Runnable command) { if (command == null) throw new NullPointerException(); /* * Proceed in 3 steps: * * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to * start a new thread with the given command as its first * task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false. * * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need * to double-check whether we should have added a thread * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none. * * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new * thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated * and so reject the task. */ int c = ctl.get(); if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) { if (addWorker(command, true)) return; c = ctl.get(); } if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) { int recheck = ctl.get(); if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command)) reject(command); else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0) addWorker(null, false); } else if (!addWorker(command, false)) reject(command); }
至於爲何這麼實現,應該是不但願阻塞用戶進程吧。線程
也就是說,在Java的線程池,只有消費者使用了阻塞的方法,生產者並無。code
不過也有例外,調用ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
時,BlockingQueue的實現類是SynchronousQueue,顧名思義,這是一個同步隊列,其內部沒有容量,使用SynchronousQueue,消費者線程和生產者線程必須交替執行,也就是說,生產者和消費者都必須等待對方就緒。這樣的話,不就阻塞用戶進程了嗎。確實會,可是這個時間很是短,由於使用這種方式,每次經過execute()提交任務的時候,要麼複用現有空閒的線程,要麼新建一個線程,也就是說線程數理論上沒有上界,因此能夠看成不會阻塞
http://www.geek-programmer.com/java-blocking-queues-explained/