Android Java層的anti-hooking技巧

原文是英文,烏雲上的是中文翻譯,英文原文地址 Android Anti-Hooking Techniques in Javajava

原文連接:Android Java層的anti-hooking技巧android

0x00 前言

一個最近關於檢測native hook框架的方法讓我開始思考一個Android應用如何在Java層檢測Cydia Substrate或者Xposed框架。git

聲明:下文全部的anti-hooking技巧很容易就能夠被有經驗的逆向人員繞過,這裏只是展現幾個檢測的方法。在最近DexGuard和GuardIT等工具中尚未這類anti-hooking檢測功能,不過我相信不久就會增長這個功能。github

0x01 檢測安裝的應用

一個最直接的想法就是檢測設備上有沒有安裝Substrate或者Xposed框架,能夠直接調用PackageManager顯示全部安裝的應用,而後看是否安裝了Substrate或者Xposed。bash

PackageManager packageManager = context.getPackageManager();
List applicationInfoList  = packageManager.getInstalledApplications(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA);

for(ApplicationInfo applicationInfo : applicationInfoList) {
    if(applicationInfo.packageName.equals("de.robv.android.xposed.installer")) {
        Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Xposed found on the system.");
    }
    if(applicationInfo.packageName.equals("com.saurik.substrate")) {
        Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Substrate found on the system.");
    }
}

0x02 檢查調用棧裏的可疑方法

另外一個想到的方法是檢查Java調用棧裏的可疑方法,主動拋出一個異常,而後打印方法的調用棧。代碼以下:app

public class DoStuff {
    public static String getSecret() {
        try {
            throw new Exception("blah");
        }
        catch(Exception e) {
            for(StackTraceElement stackTraceElement : e.getStackTrace()) {
                Log.wtf("HookDetection", stackTraceElement.getClassName() + "->" + stackTraceElement.getMethodName());
            }
        }
        return "ChangeMePls!!!";
    }
}

當應用沒有被hook的時候,正常的調用棧是這樣的:框架

com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff->getSecret
com.example.hookdetection.MainActivity->onCreate
android.app.Activity->performCreate
android.app.Instrumentation->callActivityOnCreate
android.app.ActivityThread->performLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->handleLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->access$800
android.app.ActivityThread$H->handleMessage
android.os.Handler->dispatchMessage
android.os.Looper->loop
android.app.ActivityThread->main
java.lang.reflect.Method->invokeNative
java.lang.reflect.Method->invoke
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller->run
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit->main
dalvik.system.NativeStart->main

可是假若有Xposed框架hook了com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff.getSecret方法,那麼調用棧會有2個變化:函數

  • 在dalvik.system.NativeStart.main方法後出現de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge.main調用工具

  • 若是Xposed hook了調用棧裏的一個方法,還會有de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge.handleHookedMethod和de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge.invokeOriginalMethodNative調用oop

因此若是hook了getSecret方法,調用棧就會以下:

com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff->getSecret

de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge->invokeOriginalMethodNative
de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge->handleHookedMethod

com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff->getSecret
com.example.hookdetection.MainActivity->onCreate
android.app.Activity->performCreate
android.app.Instrumentation->callActivityOnCreate
android.app.ActivityThread->performLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->handleLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->access$800
android.app.ActivityThread$H->handleMessage
android.os.Handler->dispatchMessage
android.os.Looper->loop
android.app.ActivityThread->main
java.lang.reflect.Method->invokeNative
java.lang.reflect.Method->invoke
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller->run
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit->main

de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge->main

dalvik.system.NativeStart->main

下面看下Substrate hook com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff.getSecret方法後,調用棧會有什麼變化:

  • dalvik.system.NativeStart.main調用後會出現2次com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main,而不是一次

  • 若是Substrate hook了調用棧裏的一個方法,還會出現com.saurik.substrate.MS$2.invoked,com.saurik.substrate.MS$MethodPointer.invoke還有跟Substrate擴展相關的方法(這裏是com.cigital.freak.Freak$1$1.invoked)

因此若是hook了getSecret方法,調用棧就會以下:

com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff->getSecret

com.saurik.substrate._MS$MethodPointer->invoke
com.saurik.substrate.MS$MethodPointer->invoke
com.cigital.freak.Freak$1$1->invoked
com.saurik.substrate.MS$2->invoked

com.example.hookdetection.DoStuff->getSecret
com.example.hookdetection.MainActivity->onCreate
android.app.Activity->performCreate
android.app.Instrumentation->callActivityOnCreate
android.app.ActivityThread->performLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->handleLaunchActivity
android.app.ActivityThread->access$800
android.app.ActivityThread$H->handleMessage
android.os.Handler->dispatchMessage
android.os.Looper->loop
android.app.ActivityThread->main
java.lang.reflect.Method->invokeNative
java.lang.reflect.Method->invoke
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller->run
com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit->main

com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit->main

dalvik.system.NativeStart->main

在知道了調用棧的變化以後,就能夠在Java層寫代碼進行檢測:

try {
    throw new Exception("blah");
}
catch(Exception e) {
    int zygoteInitCallCount = 0;
    for(StackTraceElement stackTraceElement : e.getStackTrace()) {
        if(stackTraceElement.getClassName().equals("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit")) {
            zygoteInitCallCount++;
            if(zygoteInitCallCount == 2) {
                Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Substrate is active on the device.");
            }
        }
        if(stackTraceElement.getClassName().equals("com.saurik.substrate.MS$2") && 
                stackTraceElement.getMethodName().equals("invoked")) {
            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "A method on the stack trace has been hooked using Substrate.");
        }
        if(stackTraceElement.getClassName().equals("de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge") && 
                stackTraceElement.getMethodName().equals("main")) {
            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Xposed is active on the device.");
        }
        if(stackTraceElement.getClassName().equals("de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge") && 
                stackTraceElement.getMethodName().equals("handleHookedMethod")) {
            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "A method on the stack trace has been hooked using Xposed.");
        }

    }
}

0x03 檢測並不該該native的native方法

Xposed框架會把hook的Java方法類型改成"native",而後把原來的方法替換成本身的代碼(調用hookedMethodCallback)。能夠查看 XposedBridge_hookMethodNative的實現,是修改後app_process裏的方法。

利用Xposed改變hook方法的這個特性(Substrate也使用相似的原理),就能夠用來檢測是否被hook了。注意這不能用來檢測ART運行時的Xposed,由於不必把方法的類型改成native。

假設有下面這個方法:

public class DoStuff {
    public static String getSecret() {
        return "ChangeMePls!!!";
    }
}

若是getSecret方法被hook了,在運行的時候就會像下面的定義:

public class DoStuff {
        // calls hookedMethodCallback if hooked using Xposed
    public native static String getSecret(); 
}

基於上面的原理,檢測的步驟以下:

  • 定位到應用的DEX文件

  • 枚舉全部的class

  • 經過反射機制判斷運行時不該該是native的方法

下面的Java展現了這個技巧。這裏假設了應用自己沒有經過JNI調用本地代碼,大多數應用都不須要調用本地方法。不過若是有JNI調用的話,只須要把這些native方法添加到一個白名單中便可。理論上這個方法也能夠用於檢測Java庫或者第三方庫,不過須要把第三方庫的native方法添加到一個白名單。檢測代碼以下:

for (ApplicationInfo applicationInfo : applicationInfoList) {
    if (applicationInfo.processName.equals("com.example.hookdetection")) {      
        Set classes = new HashSet();
        DexFile dex;
        try {
            dex = new DexFile(applicationInfo.sourceDir);
            Enumeration entries = dex.entries();
            while(entries.hasMoreElements()) {
                String entry = entries.nextElement();
                classes.add(entry);
            }
            dex.close();
        } 
        catch (IOException e) {
            Log.e("HookDetection", e.toString());
        }
        for(String className : classes) {
            if(className.startsWith("com.example.hookdetection")) {
                try {
                    Class clazz = HookDetection.class.forName(className);
                    for(Method method : clazz.getDeclaredMethods()) {
                        if(Modifier.isNative(method.getModifiers())){
                            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Native function found (could be hooked by Substrate or Xposed): " + clazz.getCanonicalName() + "->" + method.getName());
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    Log.wtf("HookDetection", e.toString());
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

0x04 經過/proc/[pid]/maps檢測可疑的共享對象或者JAR

/proc/[pid]/maps記錄了內存映射的區域和訪問權限,首先查看Android應用的映像,第一列是起始地址和結束地址,第六列是映射文件的路徑。

#cat /proc/5584/maps

40027000-4002c000 r-xp 00000000 103:06 2114      /system/bin/app_process
4002c000-4002d000 r--p 00004000 103:06 2114      /system/bin/app_process
4002d000-4002e000 rw-p 00005000 103:06 2114      /system/bin/app_process
4002e000-4003d000 r-xp 00000000 103:06 246       /system/bin/linker
4003d000-4003e000 r--p 0000e000 103:06 246       /system/bin/linker
4003e000-4003f000 rw-p 0000f000 103:06 246       /system/bin/linker
4003f000-40042000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
40042000-40043000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0 
40043000-40044000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
40044000-40047000 r-xp 00000000 103:06 1176      /system/lib/libNimsWrap.so
40047000-40048000 r--p 00002000 103:06 1176      /system/lib/libNimsWrap.so
40048000-40049000 rw-p 00003000 103:06 1176      /system/lib/libNimsWrap.so
40049000-40091000 r-xp 00000000 103:06 1237      /system/lib/libc.so
... Lots of other memory regions here ...

所以能夠寫代碼檢測加載到當前內存區域中的可疑文件:

try {
    Set libraries = new HashSet();
    String mapsFilename = "/proc/" + android.os.Process.myPid() + "/maps";
    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(mapsFilename));
    String line;
    while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
        if (line.endsWith(".so") || line.endsWith(".jar")) {
            int n = line.lastIndexOf(" ");
            libraries.add(line.substring(n + 1));
        }
    }
    for (String library : libraries) {
        if(library.contains("com.saurik.substrate")) {
            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Substrate shared object found: " + library);
        }
        if(library.contains("XposedBridge.jar")) {
            Log.wtf("HookDetection", "Xposed JAR found: " + library);
        }
    }
    reader.close();
}
catch (Exception e) {
    Log.wtf("HookDetection", e.toString());
}

Substrate會用到幾個so:

Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libAndroidBootstrap0.so
Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libAndroidCydia.cy.so
Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libDalvikLoader.cy.so
Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libsubstrate.so
Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libsubstrate-dvm.so
Substrate shared object found: /data/app-lib/com.saurik.substrate-1/libAndroidLoader.so

Xposed會用到一個Jar:

Xposed JAR found: /data/data/de.robv.android.xposed.installer/bin/XposedBridge.jar

0x05 繞過檢測的方法

上面討論了幾個anti-hooking的方法,不過相信也會有人提出繞過的方法,這裏對應每一個檢測方法以下:

  • hook PackageManager的getInstalledApplications,把Xposed或者Substrate的包名去掉

  • hook Exception的getStackTrace,把本身的方法去掉

  • hook getModifiers,把flag改爲看起來不是native

  • hook 打開的文件的操做,返回/dev/null或者修改的map文件

0x06 總結

第三個方法中經過分析java方法的屬性是否爲 native 來判斷是否被hook, 這中方式能夠用來保護一些自定義的接口,或者SDK API 接口。

後來同事經過分析Xposed源碼,發現經過ClassLoader能夠識別出具體的Xposed module hook了某個具體的函數,下次說下分析思路。

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