宋寶華:關於Ftrace的一個完整案例

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做者: 宋寶華linux

來源: 微信公衆號linux閱碼場(id: linuxdev)git

file


Ftrace簡介

Ftrace是Linux進行代碼級實踐分析最有效的工具之一,好比咱們進行一個系統調用,出來的時間過長,咱們想知道時間花哪裏去了,利用Ftrace就能夠追蹤到一級級的時間分佈。github

Ftrace案例

寫一個proc模塊,包含一個proc的讀和寫的入口。test_proc_show()故意調用了一個kill_time()的函數,而kill_time()的函數,又調用了mdelay(2)和kill_moretime()的函數,該函數體內調用mdelay(2)。shell

kill_time()的函數和kill_moretime()函數前面都加了noinline以免被編譯器inline優化掉。vim

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/version.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>


static unsigned int variable;
static struct proc_dir_entry *test_dir, *test_entry;


static noinline void kill_moretime(void)
{
mdelay(2);
}


static noinline void kill_time(void)
{
mdelay(2);
kill_moretime();
}


static int test_proc_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
{
unsigned int *ptr_var = seq->private;
kill_time();
seq_printf(seq, "%u\n", *ptr_var);
return 0;
}


static ssize_t test_proc_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer,
size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct seq_file *seq = file->private_data;
unsigned int *ptr_var = seq->private;
int err;
char *kbuffer;


        if (!buffer || count > PAGE_SIZE - 1)
                return -EINVAL;


kbuffer = (char *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);
if (!kbuffer)
return -ENOMEM;


err = -EFAULT;
if (copy_from_user(kbuffer, buffer, count))
goto out;
kbuffer[count] = '\0';


*ptr_var = simple_strtoul(kbuffer, NULL, 10);
return count;


out:
free_page((unsigned long)buffer);
return err;
}


static int test_proc_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
return single_open(file, test_proc_show, PDE_DATA(inode));
}


static const struct file_operations test_proc_fops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = test_proc_open,
.read = seq_read,
.write = test_proc_write,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = single_release,
};


static __init int test_proc_init(void)
{
test_dir = proc_mkdir("test_dir", NULL);
if (test_dir) {
test_entry = proc_create_data("test_rw",0666, test_dir, &test_proc_fops, &variable);
if (test_entry)
return 0;
}


return -ENOMEM;
}
module_init(test_proc_init);


static __exit void test_proc_cleanup(void)
{
remove_proc_entry("test_rw", test_dir);
remove_proc_entry("test_dir", NULL);
}
module_exit(test_proc_cleanup);


MODULE_AUTHOR("Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("proc exmaple");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");

模塊對應的Makefile以下:bash

KVERS = $(shell uname -r)


# Kernel modules
obj-m += proc.o


# Specify flags for the module compilation.
#EXTRA_CFLAGS=-g -O0


build: kernel_modules


kernel_modules:
make -C /lib/modules/$(KVERS)/build M=$(CURDIR) modules


clean:
make -C /lib/modules/$(KVERS)/build M=$(CURDIR) clean

編譯而且加載:微信

$ make
baohua@baohua-perf:~/develop/training/debug/ftrace/proc$ 
$ sudo insmod proc.ko
[sudo] password for baohua: 

以後/proc目錄下/proc/test_dir/test_rw文件可被讀寫。app

下面咱們用Ftrace來跟蹤test_proc_show()這個函數。less

咱們把啓動ftrace的全部命令寫到一個腳本function.sh裏面:

#!/bin/bash


debugfs=/sys/kernel/debug
echo nop > $debugfs/tracing/current_tracer
echo 0 > $debugfs/tracing/tracing_on
echo $$ > $debugfs/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
echo function_graph > $debugfs/tracing/current_tracer
#replace test_proc_show by your function name
echo test_proc_show > $debugfs/tracing/set_graph_function
echo 1 > $debugfs/tracing/tracing_on
exec "$@"

而後用這個腳本去啓動cat /proc/test_dir/test_rw,這樣ftrace下面test_proc_show()函數就被trace了。

# ./function.sh cat /proc/test_dir/test_rw
0

讀取trace的結果:

# cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace > 1

接着用vim打開這個文件1,發現這個文件有600多行:

file

file

長到看不清!!

Ftrace結果怎麼讀?

Ftrace結果怎麼讀?答案很是簡單:若是是葉子函數,就直接在這個函數的前面顯示它佔用的時間,若是是非葉子,要等到 }的時候,再顯示時間,以下圖:

file

延遲比較大的部分,會有+、#等特殊標號:

'$' - greater than 1 second
 '@' - greater than 100 milisecond
 '*' - greater than 10 milisecond
 '#' - greater than 1000 microsecond
 '!' - greater than 100 microsecond
 '+' - greater than 10 microsecond
 ' ' - less than or equal to 10 microsecond.

## vim對Ftrace進行摺疊
上面那個Ftrace文件太大了,大到看不清。咱們能夠用vim來摺疊之,不過須要一個vim的特別配置,我把它存放在了個人~目錄,名字叫.fungraph-vim:

" Enable folding for ftrace function_graph traces.
"
" To use, :source this file while viewing a function_graph trace, or use vim's
" -S option to load from the command-line together with a trace.  You can then
" use the usual vim fold commands, such as "za", to open and close nested
" functions.  While closed, a fold will show the total time taken for a call,
" as would normally appear on the line with the closing brace.  Folded
" functions will not include finish_task_switch(), so folding should remain
" relatively sane even through a context switch.
"
" Note that this will almost certainly only work well with a
" single-CPU trace (e.g. trace-cmd report --cpu 1).


function! FunctionGraphFoldExpr(lnum)
  let line = getline(a:lnum)
  if line[-1:] == '{'
    if line =~ 'finish_task_switch() {$'
      return '>1'
    endif
    return 'a1'
  elseif line[-1:] == '}'
    return 's1'
  else
    return '='
  endif
endfunction


function! FunctionGraphFoldText()
  let s = split(getline(v:foldstart), '|', 1)
  if getline(v:foldend+1) =~ 'finish_task_switch() {$'
    let s[2] = ' task switch  '
  else
    let e = split(getline(v:foldend), '|', 1)
    let s[2] = e[2]
  endif
  return join(s, '|')
endfunction


setlocal foldexpr=FunctionGraphFoldExpr(v:lnum)
setlocal foldtext=FunctionGraphFoldText()
setlocal foldcolumn=12
setlocal foldmethod=expr

以後咱們配置vim爲這個模板來打開前面那個600多行的文件1:

vim -S ~/.fungraph-vim 1

這樣咱們看到的樣子是:

file

咱們能夠把光標移動到第5行,鍵盤敲打za,則展開爲:

file

繼續展開第6行的kill_time(),按za:

file

咱們能夠用z、a兩個按鍵,搜索或者展開Ftrace的結果。

最後,https://github.com/brendangregg/perf-tools 對Ftrace的功能進行了很好的封裝和集成,建議你們用perf-tools來使用Ftrace,則效果更佳更簡單。

有空再聊perf-tools。

更多精彩更新中……歡迎關注微信公衆號:linux閱碼場(id: linuxdev)

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