比較兩個字符串是否相等的辦法是:less
if [ "$test"x = "test"x ]; thensocket
這裏的關鍵有幾點:函數
1 使用單個等號post
2 注意到等號兩邊各有一個空格:這是unix shell的要求測試
3 注意到"$test"x最後的x,這是特地安排的,由於當$test爲空的時候,上面的表達式就變成了x = testx,顯然是不相等的。而若是沒有這個x,表達式就會報錯:[: =: unary operator expected
二元比較操做符,比較變量或者比較數字.注意數字與字符串的區別.
整數比較 須要注意的是 要麼使用[]和gt組合 要麼使用大於號和雙括號組合
-eq 等於,如:if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]
-ne 不等於,如:if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]
-gt 大於,如:if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]
-ge 大於等於,如:if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]
-lt 小於,如:if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]
-le 小於等於,如:if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]
大於(須要雙括號),如:(("$a" > "$b"))
>= 大於等於(須要雙括號),如:(("$a" >= "$b"))
小數據比較可以使用AWK
字符串比較
= 等於,如:if [ "$a" = "$b" ]
== 等於,如:if [ "$a" == "$b" ],與=等價
注意:==的功能在[[]]和[]中的行爲是不一樣的,以下:
1 [[ $a == z* ]] # 若是$a以"z"開頭(模式匹配)那麼將爲true
2 [[ $a == "z*" ]] # 若是$a等於z*(字符匹配),那麼結果爲true
3
4 [ $a == z* ] # File globbing 和word splitting將會發生
5 [ "$a" == "z*" ] # 若是$a等於z*(字符匹配),那麼結果爲true
一點解釋,關於File globbing是一種關於文件的速記法,好比"*.c"就是,再如~也是.
可是file globbing並非嚴格的正則表達式,雖然絕大多數狀況下結構比較像.
!= 不等於,如:if [ "$a" != "$b" ]
這個操做符將在[[]]結構中使用模式匹配.
大於,在ASCII字母順序下.如:
if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]
注意:在[]結構中">"須要被轉義.
具體參考Example 26-11來查看這個操做符應用的例子.
-z 字符串爲"null".就是長度爲0.
-n 字符串不爲"null"
注意:
使用-n在[]結構中測試必需要用""把變量引發來.使用一個未被""的字符串來使用! -z
或者就是未用""引用的字符串自己,放到[]結構中。雖然通常狀況下可
以工做,但這是不安全的.習慣於使用""來測試字符串是一種好習慣.
if判斷式
if [ 條件判斷一 ] && (||) [ 條件判斷二 ]; then
elif [ 條件判斷三 ] && (||) [ 條件判斷四 ]; then
else
執行第三段內容程式
fi
例如:
root@Bizbox:~# a=0
root@Bizbox:~# b=0
root@Bizbox:~# c=5
root@Bizbox:~# if [ $a = 0 -a $b = 0 ]&&[ $c != 0 ]; then
> echo success
> fi
success
if 使用的表達式
if 語句格式
if 條件
then
Command
else
Command
fi 別忘了這個結尾 If語句忘告終尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi
if 的三種條件表達式
if
command
then
if
函數
then 命令執行成功,等於返回0 (好比grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配) if [ expression_r_r_r ]
then 表達式結果爲真,則返回0,if把0值引向then if test expression_r_r_r
then 表達式結果爲假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[ ] && ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors" && 能夠理解爲then
若是左邊的表達式爲真則執行右邊的語句
shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別
shell if c語言if 0爲真,走then 正好相反,非0走then 不支持整數變量直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ]
但支持字符串變量直接if
if [ str ] 若是字符串非0 支持變量直接if
if (i )
echo –n 「input:」
read user
if
多條指令,這些命令之間至關於「and」(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user
then 上邊的指令都執行成功,返回值$?爲0,0爲真,運行then
echo "$user has logged"
else 指令執行失敗,$?爲1,運行else
echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh input : macg macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100) macg has logged # sh test.sh input : ddd ddd has not logged |
以函數做爲if條件 (函數就至關於command,函數的優勢是其return值能夠自定義)
if
以函數做爲if條件,
getyn
then 函數reture值0爲真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else 函數return值非0爲假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi
if command 等價於 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh
if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi $ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi $ sh testsh.sh
no found $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file
$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file
$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found
條件表達式
] 若是文件存在且可寫
if [ -x file ] 若是文件存在且可執行
[ $a = $b ] 若是string1等於string2
[ $string1 != $string2 ] 若是string1不等於string2 if [ -n $string ] 若是string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
if [ -z $string ] 若是string 爲空
if [ $sting ] 若是string 非空,返回0 (和-n相似)
if [ a = b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 5 input b: 5 no equal (等於表達式沒比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,天然a!=b) |
if [ $a = $b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 5 input b: 5 equal |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
指望整數形式,即-eq不支持字符串
=放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 裏就是字符串等於,shell裏面沒有==的,那是c語言的等於
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 123 input is 123 equal123 |
= 做爲等於時,其兩邊都必須加空格,不然失效
等號也是操做符,必須和其餘變量,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號作賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
n
input is correct
輸錯了也走then,都走then,爲何?
由於if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變量,而此變量爲空,返回1,則走else [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
no
input error
一切正常
If [ $ANS ] 等價於 if [ -n $ANS ]
若是字符串變量非空(then) , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice: 回車
empth 說明「回車」就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty
整數條件表達式,大於,小於hell裏沒有> 和< ,會被看成尖括號,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit
if test $a ge 100 ; then
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 123 3bit |
邏輯非 ! 條件表達式的相反
if [ ! 表達式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ] 若是不存在目錄$num
邏輯與 –a條件表達式的並列
if [ 表達式1 –a 表達式2 ]
–o 表達式2 ]
邏輯表達式
- 表達式與前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
邏輯符號就正常的接其餘表達式,沒有任何括號( ),就是並列
注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其餘字符串或文件的運算符號搞混了
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh : echo "input the num:" read num echo "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 若是變量$JHHOME爲空,且$HOME/$num目錄存在 then JHHOME=$HOME/$num 則賦值 fi echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME" |
----------------------- [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh input the num: ppp input is ppp JHHOME is 目錄-d $HOME/$num 不存在,因此$JHHOME沒被then賦值 |
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh input the num: ppp input is ppp JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp |
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: n y [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: no y 爲何輸入不是yes,結果還是y(走then) 由於=被連讀了,成了變量$ANS="Yes",而變量又爲空,因此走else了 |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
test 條件表達式 做爲if條件===================================
if test $num -eq 0 等價於 if [ $num –eq 0 ]
test 表達式,沒有 [ ]
if test $num -eq 0
man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1) User Commands [(1)
SYNOPSIS
test EXPRESSION
[ EXPRESSION ]
[-n] STRING
the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0條件
-z STRING
the length of STRING is zero
STRING1 = STRING2
the strings are equal
STRING1 != STRING2
the strings are not equal
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
FILE1 -nt FILE2
FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
FILE1 -ot FILE2
FILE1 is older than FILE2
-b FILE
FILE exists and is block special
-c FILE
FILE exists and is character special
-d FILE
FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE
FILE exists 文件存在
-f FILE
FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件
-h FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
-L FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
-G FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
-O FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
-p FILE
FILE exists and is a named pipe
-s FILE
FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
-S FILE
FILE exists and is a socket
-w FILE
FILE exists and is writable
-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
&& 若是是「前面」,則「後面」
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 檢查 文件是否存在,若是存在就刪掉
|| 若是不是「前面」,則後面 [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 檢驗文件是否存在,若是存在就退出 |
[ -z "$1" ] && help 若是第一個參數不存在(-z 字符串長度爲0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 若是第一個參數是-h,就顯示help
例子
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1