en-zh（科學技術）science and technology-2

研究：長期不吃早餐，患心臟病風險增長87%

Skipping breakfast could raise risk of heart disease by 87%

Skipping breakfast could raise your risk of heart disease by 87 percent, according to a new study.

最新研究指出，不吃早餐可能會使患心臟病的風險增長87%。

Researchers at the University of Iowa analyzed 18 years of data on 6,550 people over 40 who had no history of heart disease.

艾奧瓦大學的研究人員分析了6550名40歲以上無意髒病史的人在18年間的數據。

They were given regular surveys, which included the question: 'how often do you eat breakfast?'

這些人按期接受調查，他們要回答的問題包括「你多久吃一次早餐？」

Most (59 percent) ate breakfast every day, but 5.1 percent never did, 10.9 percent rarely did, and 25 percent would skip a few days.

大多數人（59%）天天吃早餐，但5.1%的人歷來不吃，10.9%的人偶爾吃，還有25%的人偶爾不吃。

The team found a clear link between breakfast habits and heart disease risk.

研究小組發現，早餐習慣與心臟病風險之間存在明顯關聯。

Those who didn't eat in the morning were up to 87 percent more likely to develop heart woes.

早上不吃東西的人患心臟疾病的可能性要高87%。

'Breakfast is believed to be an important meal of the day, whereas there has been an increasing prevalence of skipping breakfast over the past 50 years in the United States, with as many as 23.8 percent of young people skipping breakfast every day,' the authors write.

「人們認爲早餐是一天中的重要一餐，而在美國，過去50年間，不吃早餐的現象愈來愈廣泛，多達23.8%的年輕人天天都不吃早餐，」報告的做者們寫道。

'However, studies on the health effects of skipping breakfast are sparse.'

「然而，關於不吃早餐對健康有何影響的研究少之又少。」

sparse [spɑːs]：adj.稀疏的；稀少的

 

To their knowledge, this is the first retrospective study to look at breakfast habits and cardiovascular mortality.

據他們所知，這是首個對早餐習慣與心血管疾病死亡率進行的回顧性研究。

mortality [mɔː'tælɪtɪ]：n.死亡數，死亡率

 

The team pointed to a few factors which could underlie this connection.

研究小組指出了有可能形成這種聯繫的幾個因素。

First, those who don't eat breakfast may be more likely to snack unhealthily.

首先，不吃早餐的人更有可能吃不健康的零食。

Second, breakfast may help to balance blood sugar levels and control blood pressure.

其次，早餐可能有助於平衡血糖水平和控制血壓。

The findings, published on the American College of Cardiology, come days after a similar study showed people who skip breakfast and eat a late dinner are less likely to survive a heart attack.

該研究結果刊登在《美國心臟病學會》期刊上，而在幾天前，一項相似的研究顯示，不吃早餐且吃晚飯較晚的人在心臟病發做時倖存下來的可能性要小一些。

Skipping breakfast has long been espoused by celebrities as a diet trick. Joanna Lumley says cutting out breakfast has helped her stay slim in older age. Recently, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey said he never eats breakfast, only dinner - and that he skips all food altogether on Saturdays - as part of a routine that he claims is meditative.

不吃早餐一直被一些名人奉爲減肥妙招。喬安娜·林莉說，不吃早餐幫助她在年老時還能保持苗條。最近，推特首席執行官傑克·多西說他從不吃早餐，只吃晚餐，並且在週六禁食，這屬於其例行冥想的一部分。

Many have suggested that Dorsey's diet could be classed as an eating disorder, rather than, as he puts it, 'biohacking'.

不少人認爲，傑克·多西的飲食屬於進食障礙，而不是他本身認爲的「生物黑科技」。

The new study does not, by any means, provide a concrete verdict on breakfast.

然而這項新研究並未對於早餐的健康影響給出確切結論。

As Borja Ibáñez, MD, points out in an editorial, association is not necessarily causation.

正如醫學博士博爾哈·伊巴涅斯在一篇文章中指出，有關聯並不必定是必然的因果關係。

Those who didn't eat breakfast were more likely to smoke, scrimp on exercise, and drink alcohol.

不吃早餐的人吸菸、缺少運動和飲酒的可能性也更高。

scrimp [skrɪmp]：vi.精打細算；吝嗇

 

1. Adults need five hours or less of sleep
成年人只須要五個小時或更少的睡眠時間

Extensive evidence shows that consistently getting five hours of sleep or less greatly increases risk of adverse health consequence, like that of cardiovascular disease and early mortality. They say this myth poses the most serious risk to health from long-term sleep deficits.

大量證據代表，睡眠時間長期小於等於5小時會大大增長健康損傷的風險，好比心血管疾病和早死概率。他們還表示：因爲這個流言會致使人們長期睡眠不足，所以所形成的健康風險最爲嚴重。

adverse[ædˈvɚs]: adj. 不利的；相反的；敵對的

 

2. Drinking alcohol before bed will help you sleep
睡前喝酒會幫助你入睡

Many people think a drink before bed will help them have a good night's sleep. Robbins says, nope – it's a myth. A drink before bed may help someone fall asleep, but it dramatically affects quality of sleep. It pulls a sleeper out of REM and deeper sleep. You may still spend time sleeping, but you won’t be fully restored.

不少人認爲睡前喝一杯能夠幫助本身睡個好覺。但羅賓斯對此表示：這是謠言。睡前喝一杯或許能夠幫助某些人入睡，但卻會顯著影響其睡眠質量。這會致使你沒法進入快速眼動睡眠與深度睡眠。你可能確實花了時間睡覺，但你不會完全恢復精神。

REM: （睡眠）快速眼部運動的; rapid eye movement的縮寫

 

3. Watching television in bed helps you relax before sleep
在牀上看電視能夠幫助你在睡前放鬆

A lot of people fall asleep in front of a TV in the bedroom, but watching television is not an optimal way to relax. Nightly news and other programming can lead to stress when we're trying to power down and can lead to insomnia, says Robbins. These devices also emit bright blue light, which tells our brain to perk up, not sleep. Avoid blue light from TV and phones and instead do things that relax you.

不少人都會在臥室裏看着電視睡着，但看電視並非放鬆的最佳方式。羅賓斯表示，在咱們打算休息時，夜間新聞及其餘節目可能會讓咱們感到壓力，而且會致使失眠。此外，這些設備也會發出明亮的藍光，告訴咱們的大腦應該振做起來，而不是開始睡覺。咱們應該避免電視和手機所發出的藍光，而去作其餘令本身放鬆的事情。

insomnia[ɪn'sɑmnɪə]: n. 失眠症，失眠

 

4. It’s best to stay in bed and try to sleep
睡不着的時候也要躺在牀上

Many people think that if they’re having trouble falling asleep, it’s best to stay in bed and try. Unfortunately, if we stay in bed and keep trying unsuccessfully, we eventually associate our bed with insomnia. It should take about 15 minutes to fall asleep. If you’re waiting longer than that, get out of bed and change the environment. Instead, get up, do something mindless, like folding socks, and keep the lights low. Only return to bed when you feel tired.

許多人認爲，睡不着的時候最好留在牀上繼續嘗試。不幸的是，若是咱們待在牀上繼續嘗試後，仍是會睡不着，最終便會將本身的牀與失眠聯繫起來。你應該在15分鐘內入睡，若是你入睡的時間太長，那就下牀並改變一下環境。你能夠去作一些不須要動腦的事情，好比疊襪子，並保持燈光昏暗，感到疲倦時再回到牀上睡覺。

 

5. Snoring is harmless
打鼾是無害的

Snoring can be harmless, but it can also be a sign of sleep apnea, a potentially serious sleep disorder. The researchers encourage patients not to ignore loud snoring. Instead, see a doctor to rule out sleep apnea since it may lead to heart stoppages or other illnesses.

打鼾多是無害的，但也多是睡眠呼吸暫停的徵兆，這是一種潛在的嚴重睡眠障礙。研究人員鼓勵患者不要忽視本身的響亮鼾聲，而是應該去看醫生，排除睡眠呼吸暫停的可能，由於該障礙可能致使心臟停搏或其餘疾病。

apnea[æp'niə]: n. [醫] 窒息，[臨牀] 呼吸暫停

 

6. Hitting the snooze button is better than getting up right away
賴一下子牀比當即起牀要好

Most of us will be groggy from inertia when the alarm goes off, says Robbins, but forego the snooze button. Your body may go back to sleep, but it will be very light, low-quality sleep. Robbins suggests getting up and getting outside into the blue light of the day as quickly as possible.

羅賓斯表示，當鬧鐘響起時，咱們大多數人都會因惰性而昏昏欲睡，但請不要按下貪睡按鈕。咱們的身體可能會從新入睡，但卻睡得很輕，睡眠質量也很低。羅賓斯建議起牀後儘快到室外接觸天然光。

groggy['grɒgɪ]: adj. 酒醉的，無力的；東歪西倒的

inertia[ɪ'nɝʃə]: n. 惰性，遲鈍；不活動

 

7. Your brain and body can learn to function just as well with less sleep
睡眠少的狀況下，大腦和身體也會跟着調整，正常運轉

The experts say that when sleep is decreased, self-reported levels of sleepiness increase for the first several days before starting to plateau; but reduced sleep leads to sustained drops in performance.

專家們表示，當人們的睡眠減小時，自我報告的嗜睡程度在開始前幾天會有所增長，以後便會趨於平穩，但睡眠減小會致使身體機能持續降低。

The study notes, "Further, nightshift workers, who habitually sleep fewer hours than day workers, face higher morbidity due to breast cancer and all-cause mortality than day workers." So while people may be able to 「adjust」 to less sleep and/or "circadian misalignment," they do so at the risk of serious health consequences.

該研究指出：「夜班工人一般比白班工人的睡眠時間更少，他們的乳腺癌發病率和全因死亡率均高於白班工人」。所以，雖然人們可以「調整」本身以適應較少的睡眠時間和/或「晝夜節律失調」，但他們這樣作可能會致使嚴重的健康後果。

plateau[plæ'to]: vi. 達到平衡；達到穩定時期

morbidity[mɔr'bɪdəti]: n. 發病率

 

8. Sleeping in on weekends is a bad idea
週末睡懶覺是很差的

For this one, the jury is out – the researchers admit that some myths still cause disagreement among sleep experts, and this is one of them. "Although sleeping in on weekends does disrupt the natural circadian rhythm, for people in certain professions, such as shift workers, it may be better for them to sleep in than to get fewer hours of sleep overall."

關於這一點尚無定論。研究人員認可，一些流言也會在睡眠專家之間引起分歧，這就是其中之一。「儘管在週末睡懶覺確實會擾亂天然的晝夜節律，但對於某些職業的人來講，例如輪班工做者，他們在週末睡懶覺可能會彌補一些總體睡眠時間」 。

sleep in: 睡過頭；遲起牀